1. Monroe DoctrineDeclaration of IndependenceU.S. ConstitutionChecks and Balances Tennis Court OathBastilleEstates GeneralDeclaration of Rights of Man Maximilien RobespierreNational AssemblyLiberty, Equality, FraternityCommittee of Public Safety

2. Reign of TerrorNapoleon BonaparteCongress of ViennaBalance of Power NationalismKlemens von MetternichSimon BolivarToussaint l’Ouverture William WilberforceMarie AntoinettebourgeoisieConstitutional Monarchy

3. Ch. 14 The Age of Democratic Revolution

4. Essential Questions How were the American and French Revolutions alike and different? Was the violence of the French Revolution justified? Was Napoleon Bonaparte’s impact more harmful or beneficial? How did Latin American colonies achieve their independence?

5. The American Revolution

6. Origins of the American Revolution Rights of the American colonists came from earlier documents like” Magna Carta (1215) English Civil War (1642- 1649) Glorious Revolution (1688) English Bill of Rights (1689)

7. Origins of the American Revolution During the 18 th century, Britain protected the American colonists from Indian attacks and their French neighbors in Canada during the French and Indian War (1754-1763)

8. Origins of the American Revolution The British had run up a massive debt during the French and Indian War The British government introduced various ways to tax the colonists in order to pay the debt of the war

9. Origins of the American Revolution The Colonists felt that these new taxes were imposed without their consent “no taxation without representation” Colonists favored greater self- government

10. Enlightenment and Revolution Religious beliefs, the Glorious Revolution and Enlightenment ideas contributed to the outbreak of the American Revolution To prevent unrest, the British government sent in more troops

11. Enlightenment and Revolution The British insisted the colonist pay a duty (tax) on tea to help the struggling East India Company Colonist boarded a ship carrying tea and dumped it into Boston Harbor “Boston Tea Party”

12. Enlightenment and Revolution Colonists then sent representatives to Philadelphia to discuss the growing problem In 1775, violence erupted near Boston between British troops and colonial volunteers War quickly spread

13. Enlightenment and Revolution Thomas Paine, published a pamphlet, Common Sense, applying Enlightenment ideas to the problem Paine argued that it was reasonable for the colonies, so far from England to become independent

14. Enlightenment and Revolution In 1776, the colonists in fact declared their independence Volunteers like the Marquis de Lafayette from France and Tadeusz Kosciuszko from Poland traveled to America to assist the colonists

15. Enlightenment and Revolution France allied with the colonists for revenge for their defeat in 1763 and the loss of Canada After winning their independence in 1783, Americans sent representatives to a Constitutional Convention

16. Enlightenment and Revolution The authors were challenged to create a strong national government, but not so strong that it would threaten individual liberties The U.S. Constitution created a system in which power was shared between the national and state governments

17. Enlightenment and Revolution The Constitution created three separate branches of government, legislative, executive and judicial Checks and balances were created in order to ensure that no one branch became too powerful or tyrannical

18. Enlightenment and Revolution A Bill of Rights was added to include protections of individual liberties Finally, ultimate power rested with the people who elected officials – creating a system of popular sovereignty, where the people are supreme

19. The French Revolution The American Revolution ended in 1783 when Britain signed the Treaty of Paris with the new United States Six years later, the desire for change erupted in France

20. Causes of the French Revolution French Social Divisions Society divided into three classes or estates First Estate, the clergy Consisted of priests and Church officials

21. Causes of the French Revolution French Social Divisions Second Estates, the Nobility Held many special privileges, such as being exempt from many taxes Served as officers in the army and held high positions in government

22. Causes of the French Revolution French Social Divisions Third Estate, common people Largest of the three estates Bourgeoisie, the middle class of merchants, professionals and shopkeepers

23. Causes of the French Revolution The Impact of Enlightenment Ideas Frenchmen unwilling to accept the divine right of kings, and the privileged positions of the Church and nobility Many bourgeoisie resented the special privileges of the nobles

24. Causes of the French Revolution The Impact of Enlightenment Ideas Many liberal nobles and clergy shared the bourgeoisie’s belief A flourishing “underground” press poked fun at the king and his unpopular wife

25. Causes of the French Revolution Financial Crisis Different social classes and even different geographical regions paid different tax rates Tax system was outdated and unfair 1 st and 2 nd estates exempt from most taxes

26. Causes of the French Revolution Financial Crisis French ministers relied heavily on borrowing High costs of helping the American colonists caused a financial crisis By 1786, France could no longer obtain any more loans

27. Causes of the French Revolution Financial Crisis In 1787, the king’s ministers suggests that the nobles surrender their privileges to help the Crown pay off its debts

28. Causes of the French Revolution Financial Crisis The government then called a meeting of the Estates General, a national assembly in which each of the three social classes/estates was represented in its own chamber

29. Causes of the French Revolution Financial Crisis The 1 st and 2 nd estates would vote together to control the Estates General No Estates General had met since 1614, so the people were excited about debating issues

30. Main Events of the Revolution What was the future of the monarch and the existence of hereditary privileges? Power shifted first to the liberal nobles and moderate bourgeoisie, then to the radical commoners and finally back to the bourgeoisie Main Events of the Revolution

31. The third estate broke away from the Estates General and took the “Tennis Court Oath”, a promise to stay and write a new constitution In May 1789 the delegates from the Third Estate declared themselves to be a National Assembly Main Events of the Revolution

32. The King sought to break up the Assembly Rioters from the Third Estate seized the royal prison known as the Bastille, looking for weapons The King reluctantly recognized the new National Assembly Main Events of the Revolution

33. The National Assembly abolished the privileges of the nobles, and confiscated Church lands to pay off the state’s debts The Assembly issued the Declaration of the Rights of Man and Citizen

34. Main Events of the Revolution The Declaration of the Rights of Man and Citizen, proclaimed that the government rested on the consent of the people (popular sovereignty), not on the divine right of the king

35. Main Events of the Revolution The document also announced that all Frenchmen were “free and equal” Liberty, Equality, and Fraternity, became the slogan of the Revolution Created a constitutional monarchy

36. Main Events of the Revolution constitutional monarchy, a form of government in which the monarch’s power is shared with a popular assembly and it limited by law and tradition

37. The Revolution Takes a Radical Turn After a poor harvest, hungry Parisian marched on Versailles and dragged the royal family back to Paris Louis took an oath to the Constitution in July 1790, but by June 1791 Louis and his family tried to escape

38. The Revolution Takes a Radical Turn The family were caught and returned to Paris The monarch was overthrown and France became a republic – a government without a king, in which citizens are given the right to elect their representatives

39. The Revolution Takes a Radical Turn Under the new constitution, every adult male could vote A single-chamber legislature, known as the Convention, was elected Louis XVI was put on trial and executed in 1793

40. The Revolution Takes a Radical Turn France had been at war with other European nations since 1792 Parts of France were in open rebellion A Committee of Public Safety was established to protect France from foreign and domestic threats

41. The Revolution Takes a Radical Turn Maximilien Robespierre directed the Committee of Public Safety They felt the need to use force to achieve their goals They used savage repression to crush the rebels

42. The Revolution Takes a Radical Turn Laws were passed allowing the government to arrest anyone Nobles, Catholic priests and suspected traitors were executed Some 40,000 suspects may have been killed This period under Robespierre and the Committee became known as the “Reign of Terror”

43. The Revolution Takes a Radical Turn France needed to raise a large army to fight and introduced mass conscription, requiring all males to serve in the army France’s large armies turned the tide of war

44. The Revolution Takes a Radical Turn Once the risk of losing the war ended, the Convention turned against its leaders Robespierre and his followers were executed The terror ended and power shifted back to the Moderates

45. Impact of the French Revolution 1. Changed the idea of the divine right of kings and privileges of the nobility 2. Removed feudal restrictions and created the modern capitalist economy

46. Impact of the French Revolution 3. Stood for democratic government and social equality 4. Served as models for citizens seeking political change

47. Comparing the American and French Revolutions American Taxation Enlightenment Ideas Based on Locke Democratic principles Limited democracy in which only property owners could vote French Taxation Enlightenment Ideas Based on Rousseau Democratic principles Democracy for all adults

48. Comparing the American and French Revolutions American Guaranteed freedom of religion Republican Government French Challenged the role of the Catholic Church Republican Government, replaced by dictatorship of Napoleon

49. Comparing the American and French Revolutions American Overthrew a distant colonial ruler Led to violence French The people overthrew their own existing social order Led to violence Much more violent

50. The Rise and Fall of Napoleon Napoleon Bonaparte (1769-1821) Came from the lower nobility on the island of Corsica Sent to military school in France Gifted general Developed new tactics for mass armies