1. Ch. 20: Politics of the Roaring 20s

2. Section 1 : America Postwar WW1 left people exhausted ◦America divided ◦America changing ◦Economy adjusting Nativism and isolationism grew

3. The Red Scare Communism Panic started in 1919 ◦Bolsheviks in Russia Communist Party formed in U.S.- 70,000 ◦Bombs mailed to govt/business leaders

4. Palmer Raids U.S. Attorney General A. Mitchell Palmer ◦J. Edgar Hoover assistant Hunted suspected Communists, socialists, anarchists ◦violated civil rights

5. Sacco and Vanzetti People suspicious of foreigners/immigrants Nicola Sacco (shoemaker) and Bartolomeo Vanzetti (fish monger) May 1920- arrested, charged with robbery and murder Convicted, sentenced to death- August 23, 1927

6. Limiting Immigration “Keep America for Americans” Fewer unskilled jobs, fewer immigrants should be let in

7. KKK Rises Again Nativism led to growth of KKK 1924- 4.5 million

8. Quota System 1919-1921: # of immigrants grew 600% ◦141,000 – 805,000 Emergency Quota Act ◦Max # that could come from each foreign country ◦Focused against eastern and southern Europe ◦Prohibited Japanese immigration

9. Labor Unrest No strikes during wartime 1919- 3,000 strikes- 4 million quit Employers said union members/strikers Communists

10. Strikes Boston Police Strike (Massachusetts) ◦Low pay, couldn’t unionize ◦Gov. Calvin Coolidge Steel Mill Strike (1919-1920) ◦Shorter hours, better wage, join unions ◦Strikers beaten

11. Strikes Coal Miners’ Strike ◦United Mine Workers- John L. Lewis ◦Low wages, long hours ◦1919- called for strike ◦Workers for 27% raise, Lewis a hero

12. Labor Movement Declines 1920s not good for unions ◦Membership declined ◦Immigrants willing to work in bad conditions ◦Hard to organize immigrants ◦Farmers used to relying on self ◦Most unions excluded Blacks

13. Section 2: The Harding Presidency 1921, 29 th POTUS- Warren G. Harding “return to normalcy” 1921- invites major powers to Washington Naval Conference 1928- 15 countries sign Kellogg-Briand Pact

14. Tariffs and Reparations Britain and France borrowed $10 billion from U.S. ◦Pay back by (1) selling goods to U.S. or (2) collect reparations from Germany 1922- Fordney-McCumber Tariff ◦Tax on some U.S. imports up to 60% Dawes Plan ◦American investors loan Germany $2.5 billion

15. Scandal Harding’s cabinet ◦Secretary of State- Charles Evan Hughes ◦Secretary of Commerce- Herbert Hoover ◦Secretary of Treasury- Andrew Mellon ◦Ohio gang- close friends/supporters

16. Scandal Harding didn’t understand the issues Ohio gang used office to graft ◦Taking bribes, selling govt/hospital supplies to businesses

17. Teapot Dome Scandal Govt set aside oil-rich public land ◦Teapot Dome (Wyoming) and Elk Hills (California) ◦For U.S. Navy Secretary of Interior Albert B. Fall ◦Leased land to private oil companies ◦Got $400,000 August 2, 1923- Harding dies

18. Section 3: Business of America New president- Calvin Coolidge ◦Pro-business: low taxes, profits up, more credit ◦Minimum govt interference Wages increase

19. The Automobile 1927- Ford Model T Construction of paved roads Early 1920s- first automatic traffic signal Liberated rural families Increased mobility = increased independence

20. The Automobile Urban sprawl New economic base

21. Airplanes Transport and commercial airplanes develop

22. Standard of Living Increases 1920s- U.S. had 40% of world’s wealth More electrified homes Modern advertising ◦Used psychology

23. Mass Production New appliances Growth of businesses ◦Chain stores Installment plans

24. Ch. 21: Life in the Roaring 20s

25. Section 1: Changing Ways of Life 20s- migration to cities increased ◦2 million leave farms/towns per yr Rural v. Urban life Cities ◦New York, Chicago, Philadelphia ◦Drinking, gambling, casual dating

26. 2 major clashes during 1920s: Prohibition Science and Religion

27. Prohibition Liquor caused corruption 1920- 18 th Amendment ◦ banned manufacture, sale, and transportation of alcohol People wanted to enjoy life

28. Prohibition Speakeasies Alcohol allowed for medicinal/religious purposes Bootleggers ◦Smuggle from Canada, Cuba, West Indies

29. Prohibition Organized crime ◦Most major cities Chicago ◦Al Capone ◦$60 million per yr ◦1931- arrested for tax evasion

30. Prohibition Mid-1920s: only 19% support Prohibition ◦Caused more problems Remains until 1933- 21 st Amendment

31. Science and Religion Fundamentalism ◦Rejected Charles Darwin’s theory of evolution ◦Creation Wanted to prohibit teaching evolution

32. Scopes Trial 1925- Tennessee passes law outlawing teaching evolution American Civil Liberties Union (ACLU) John T. Scopes- biology teacher ACLU hires Clarence Darrow to defend Scopes William Jennings Bryan- special prosecutor

33. Scopes Trial Fight over role of science and religion in public school/society Scopes found guilty ◦Fined $100, later overturned

34. Section 2: Women in the 20s Rebellious youth Women started asserting independence Flapper ◦Emancipated woman, embraces new fashions and urban attitude

35. Flappers Equal status with men ◦Smoking cigarettes, drinking in public, talking openly about sex Start to view marriage as equal partnership Double standard ◦Greater sexual freedom for men than women

36. Women at Home and Work New jobs for women 1930- 10 million women working

37. Women at Home and Work Birthrate declining ◦Changing views ◦Availability of birth-control ◦Margaret Sanger ◦eugenics Appliances change life for housewives/mothers ◦Free from some responsibilities

38. 1927- Charles Lindbergh and the Spirit of St. Louis

39. The Harlem Renaissance Centered around Harlem, NYC African-American literary and artistic movement during 1920s Marcus Garvey Louis Armstrong