1. Ancient Egypt and Nubia Copyright © Pearson Education, Inc. or its affiliates. All Rights Reserved. Introduction This chapter will introduce you to Ancient Egypt and Nubia. You will learn all about the cultures of those two regions, as well as the way geography affected people’s lives. Section 1: Egypt Under the Pharaohs Section 2: Art, Architecture, and Learning in Egypt Section 3: Egypt and Nubia Chapter Introduction

2. Ancient Egypt and Nubia Copyright © Pearson Education, Inc. or its affiliates. All Rights Reserved. myStory Why didn’t the ancient Egyptian language have a word for a female pharaoh? Why does the text mention Hatshepsut’s dead brothers? Hatshepsut: Taking Power With Style

3. Ancient Egypt and Nubia Copyright © Pearson Education, Inc. or its affiliates. All Rights Reserved. Successful Pharaoh myStory Hatshepsut: Taking Power With Style How did Hatshepsut convince people she could be a good ruler?

4. Ancient Egypt and Nubia Copyright © Pearson Education, Inc. or its affiliates. All Rights Reserved. myStory What is the main idea of this story? Main Idea: ______________________ DetailDetailDetailDetail Hatshepsut: Taking Power With Style

5. Ancient Egypt and Nubia Copyright © Pearson Education, Inc. or its affiliates. All Rights Reserved. myStory What were some ways Hatshepsut made Egypt richer? Where was Hatshepsut’s tomb located? Why was this important for her? Hatshepsut: Taking Power With Style

6. Ancient Egypt and Nubia Copyright © Pearson Education, Inc. or its affiliates. All Rights Reserved. myStory How much does geography affect people’s lives? Egypt’s Geography How It Affected Ancient Egypt

7. Ancient Egypt and Nubia Copyright © Pearson Education, Inc. or its affiliates. All Rights Reserved. Egypt Under the Pharaohs Water in the Desert How were rivers important in ancient Mesopotamian civilization? How was the Nile River important in ancient Egypt?

8. Ancient Egypt and Nubia Copyright © Pearson Education, Inc. or its affiliates. All Rights Reserved. Egypt Under the Pharaohs environmental—adj., having to do with natural surroundings My friend is learning all about the outdoors in his environmental studies class. devotion—n., a strong feeling of love, loyalty, or commitment Many animal mothers show a strong devotion to their young by protecting them ferociously. Academic Vocabulary

9. Ancient Egypt and Nubia Copyright © Pearson Education, Inc. or its affiliates. All Rights Reserved. Egypt Under the Pharaohs Egypt’s unique geography helped shaped its civilization and farming methods. Pharaohs belonging to dynasties ruled Egypt and were seen as gods. Key Ideas

10. Ancient Egypt and Nubia Copyright © Pearson Education, Inc. or its affiliates. All Rights Reserved. Egypt Under the Pharaohs Egyptians worshiped many gods. Key Ideas

11. Ancient Egypt and Nubia Copyright © Pearson Education, Inc. or its affiliates. All Rights Reserved. Egypt Under the Pharaohs cataract—group of rocky rapids delta—a flat plain formed on a seabed where a river deposits material over many years artisan—skilled worker who practices a handicraft pharaoh—king of ancient Egypt Key Terms

12. Ancient Egypt and Nubia Copyright © Pearson Education, Inc. or its affiliates. All Rights Reserved. Egypt Under the Pharaohs dynasty—a series of rulers from the same family bureaucracy—a system of government officials who carry out government rules and regulations mummy—a body that has been preserved so it will not decompose Key Terms

13. Ancient Egypt and Nubia Copyright © Pearson Education, Inc. or its affiliates. All Rights Reserved. Egypt Under the Pharaohs At about 3,500 miles, the Nile River is the world’s longest river. Its sources are the Blue Nile and White Nile. The Nile divides Egypt into Upper Egypt and Lower Egypt. Cataracts separate the two parts. Egyptians called the fertile area along the river “the black land.” Floods renewed “the Black Land” for farming. Floods could also cause much destruction. Egyptians called the deserts “the Red Land.” The Nile River Valley

14. Ancient Egypt and Nubia Copyright © Pearson Education, Inc. or its affiliates. All Rights Reserved. Egypt Under the Pharaohs Civilization Develops How did technology aid Egypt’s food production? How did increased food production affect people’s livelihoods? What are artisans?

15. Ancient Egypt and Nubia Copyright © Pearson Education, Inc. or its affiliates. All Rights Reserved. Egypt Under the Pharaohs The Kingdoms of Egypt Egypt was first united in about 3000 B.C. The pharaoh then wore a double crown. The Old Kingdom lasted several hundred years. The Middle Kingdom lasted about 400 years and ended in civil war. The New Kingdom was the high point of Egyptian power and prosperity. It was destroyed by foreign invaders. The Egyptian bureaucracy handled government business. It was a model for later governments.

16. Ancient Egypt and Nubia Copyright © Pearson Education, Inc. or its affiliates. All Rights Reserved. Egypt Under the Pharaohs Two Great Rulers How were the reigns of Hatshepsut and Ramses II different from each other? Hatshepsut Ramses II

17. Ancient Egypt and Nubia Copyright © Pearson Education, Inc. or its affiliates. All Rights Reserved. Egypt Under the Pharaohs Egyptian Society How was Egyptian society structured? What does it mean that the pharaoh is “at the top of the pyramid”? Which social group was at the bottom of the social pyramid?

18. Ancient Egypt and Nubia Copyright © Pearson Education, Inc. or its affiliates. All Rights Reserved. Egypt Under the Pharaohs Egyptian Religion Some Egyptian Gods

19. Ancient Egypt and Nubia Copyright © Pearson Education, Inc. or its affiliates. All Rights Reserved. Mummification What was the significance of mummification for the ancient Egyptians? How did the process of mummification advance the Egyptians’ knowledge of anatomy? How did mummification advance the arts in ancient Egypt? Egypt Under the Pharaohs

20. Ancient Egypt and Nubia Copyright © Pearson Education, Inc. or its affiliates. All Rights Reserved. Egypt Under the Pharaohs How much does geography affect people’s lives? Egypt Under the Pharaohs NileValley Cataracts of the Nile the Nile Strip of Strip of fertile land fertile land between between deserts deserts Civilization Develops 7,000 years ago, people grew grains left by Nile floods. Settlements grew into cities. Kingdoms of Egypt Old, Middle and New Kingdoms Egyptian government relied on a bureaucracy.

21. Ancient Egypt and Nubia Copyright © Pearson Education, Inc. or its affiliates. All Rights Reserved. Art, Architecture, and Learning in Egypt Architecture and the Pyramids Egyptian Architecture

22. Ancient Egypt and Nubia Copyright © Pearson Education, Inc. or its affiliates. All Rights Reserved. Art, Architecture, and Learning in Egypt survive—v., to continue to live, continue to exist Although the desert looks as if nothing could live, many animals have developed ways to survive there. construct—v., to build or put together Much planning is done before builders construct a new school building. Academic Vocabulary

23. Ancient Egypt and Nubia Copyright © Pearson Education, Inc. or its affiliates. All Rights Reserved. Art, Architecture, and Learning in Egypt Egyptians developed one of the first systems of writing and some of the world’s earliest literature. Egyptians built impressive pyramids and produced beautiful works of art. Key Ideas

24. Ancient Egypt and Nubia Copyright © Pearson Education, Inc. or its affiliates. All Rights Reserved. Art, Architecture, and Learning in Egypt Egyptians were accomplished mathematicians and scientists. Key Ideas

25. Ancient Egypt and Nubia Copyright © Pearson Education, Inc. or its affiliates. All Rights Reserved. Art, Architecture, and Learning in Egypt hieroglyphic—drawing or symbol that stands for a word, idea, or sound papyrus—a writing surface similar to paper which ancient Egyptians made from reeds that grew along the Nile Key Terms

26. Ancient Egypt and Nubia Copyright © Pearson Education, Inc. or its affiliates. All Rights Reserved. Art, Architecture, and Learning in Egypt pyramid—structure with triangular sides sculpture—statue or other free-standing piece of art made of clay, stone, or other materials anatomy—study of the structure of the body and its organs Key Terms

27. Ancient Egypt and Nubia Copyright © Pearson Education, Inc. or its affiliates. All Rights Reserved. Art, Architecture, and Learning in Egypt What is a hieroglyphic? How does keeping records make a complex civilization possible? Writing and Literature

28. Ancient Egypt and Nubia Copyright © Pearson Education, Inc. or its affiliates. All Rights Reserved. Art, Architecture, and Learning in Egypt Egyptians invented a material called papyrus. What material that we use today is similar to papyrus? List two qualities of papyrus that made it better than clay for keeping records. Papyrus

29. Ancient Egypt and Nubia Copyright © Pearson Education, Inc. or its affiliates. All Rights Reserved. Art, Architecture, and Learning in Egypt Architecture What figure stands near the pyramids at Giza? Why do you think the Egyptian kings built large tombs? Where did the pharaohs construct their tombs after about 2200 B.C. ? What did Egyptians believe about their spirits in the afterlife?

30. Ancient Egypt and Nubia Copyright © Pearson Education, Inc. or its affiliates. All Rights Reserved. Art, Architecture, and Learning in Egypt We know about daily Egyptian life from paintings in tombs. The tombs were decorated so the person buried there could use and experience the things shown on the walls. Statues were placed in tombs so that if a mummy were destroyed, the person’s spirit could live in the statue. Painting and Sculpture

31. Ancient Egypt and Nubia Copyright © Pearson Education, Inc. or its affiliates. All Rights Reserved. Art, Architecture, and Learning in Egypt Egyptian Calendars What were the two Egyptian calendars based on? What was the lunar calendar used for? What was the solar calendar used for?

32. Ancient Egypt and Nubia Copyright © Pearson Education, Inc. or its affiliates. All Rights Reserved. Art, Architecture, and Learning in Egypt How does the construction of the pyramids prove the Egyptians were skilled at mathematics? List three other facts from Section 2 that prove the Egyptians had a good knowledge of mathematics. Mathematics

33. Ancient Egypt and Nubia Copyright © Pearson Education, Inc. or its affiliates. All Rights Reserved. Art, Architecture, and Learning in Egypt The Egyptians had an advanced knowledge of astronomy. The Egyptians were masters of engineering. The Egyptians invented glass, mortar, and some cosmetics. Egyptian irrigation systems were very complex. Science and Technology

34. Ancient Egypt and Nubia Copyright © Pearson Education, Inc. or its affiliates. All Rights Reserved. Art, Architecture, and Learning in Egypt Egyptian Medicine What is anatomy? How did Egyptian doctors gain such a deep knowledge of the human body? How did Egyptians use their knowledge of the human body?

35. Ancient Egypt and Nubia Copyright © Pearson Education, Inc. or its affiliates. All Rights Reserved. Art, Architecture, and Learning in Egypt How did geography affect Egyptian art and learning? Geography’s Influence on Egyptian Art and Learning

36. Ancient Egypt and Nubia Copyright © Pearson Education, Inc. or its affiliates. All Rights Reserved. Egypt and Nubia How are students and teachers interdependent?

37. Ancient Egypt and Nubia Copyright © Pearson Education, Inc. or its affiliates. All Rights Reserved. Egypt and Nubia rely—v., to depend, trust My dog must rely on me for food each day. generate—v., to produce, create The sun generates enough energy to allow plants to grow. Academic Vocabulary

38. Ancient Egypt and Nubia Copyright © Pearson Education, Inc. or its affiliates. All Rights Reserved. Egypt and Nubia Trade led to cultural diffusion between Egypt and neighboring lands. Nubia had a close relationship with Egypt and shared elements of its culture. Key Ideas

39. Ancient Egypt and Nubia Copyright © Pearson Education, Inc. or its affiliates. All Rights Reserved. Egypt and Nubia Nubia was also a unique African civilization with its own accomplishments. Key Ideas

40. Ancient Egypt and Nubia Copyright © Pearson Education, Inc. or its affiliates. All Rights Reserved. Egypt and Nubia commerce—buying and selling of goods and services ivory—hard white material made from elephant tusks interdependence—dependence by each country or group on the other Key Terms

41. Ancient Egypt and Nubia Copyright © Pearson Education, Inc. or its affiliates. All Rights Reserved. Egypt and Nubia Meroitic script—one of the world’s first alphabets, invented in ancient Nubia ebony—black wood from West Africa Key Terms

42. Ancient Egypt and Nubia Copyright © Pearson Education, Inc. or its affiliates. All Rights Reserved. Egypt and Nubia Why did Egypt need to trade with other countries? Which Middle Kingdom pharaoh boosted trade with lands on the Mediterranean coast? Trade in Ancient Egypt

43. Ancient Egypt and Nubia Copyright © Pearson Education, Inc. or its affiliates. All Rights Reserved. Egypt and Nubia Nubia supplied Egypt with gold and elephant tusks. Egypt supplied Nubia with grain, cloth, papyrus, glass, and jewelry. This trade between the two nations created interdependence. Trade also brought closer contact and allowed the two nations to influence each other. Nubians adopted elements of Egyptian culture including religion. Trade in the Nile Valley

44. Ancient Egypt and Nubia Copyright © Pearson Education, Inc. or its affiliates. All Rights Reserved. Egypt and Nubia The Land of Nubia Compare and contrast the geography of Nubia and Egypt. Egypt’s Geography Nubia’s Geography Both

45. Ancient Egypt and Nubia Copyright © Pearson Education, Inc. or its affiliates. All Rights Reserved. Egypt and Nubia Cataracts made travel in Nubia difficult. Nubia had less farming land than Egypt and traded for food. Nubia had closer contact with African peoples south of the Sahara than Egypt. Written records from Egypt and Nubia provide most of the information we have about Nubia. The Land of Nubia

46. Ancient Egypt and Nubia Copyright © Pearson Education, Inc. or its affiliates. All Rights Reserved. Egypt and Nubia Neighbors and Enemies Following which pharaoh’s rule did the new Kingdom grow weak? How did Piye conquer Egypt? Why did Nubian control of Egypt come to an end?

47. Ancient Egypt and Nubia Copyright © Pearson Education, Inc. or its affiliates. All Rights Reserved. Egypt and Nubia The Fall of Nubia End of Nubia

48. Ancient Egypt and Nubia Copyright © Pearson Education, Inc. or its affiliates. All Rights Reserved. Egypt and Nubia After Egypt destroyed Napata, the Nubians moved the capital city south to Meroë. The city was located near iron deposits for ironworking and along trade routes, increasing Nubia’s wealth. Nubian pyramids were steeper than Egyptian ones but served the same purpose. Candaces were powerful female rulers in Nubia. The Meroitic script was one of the world’s first alphabets. Nubian Civilization

49. Ancient Egypt and Nubia Copyright © Pearson Education, Inc. or its affiliates. All Rights Reserved. Egypt and Nubia Nubia’s Links to Africa and the World Where did Nubia’s ebony come from? What effect did war with the Roman empire have on Nubia? According to the chapter text, what was the main way Nubia was linked to other countries?

50. Ancient Egypt and Nubia Copyright © Pearson Education, Inc. or its affiliates. All Rights Reserved. Egypt and Nubia How did geography affect Nubia? Nubia’s Geography How It Affected Life in Nubia