1. Vitamins Fat-soluble

2. Fat-soluble Vitamins Required in Human Nutrition NameRecommended Dietary Allowances (RDA) a Dietary Sources Function Symptoms of Deficiency Vitamin A 1000  g (800  g of Retinol) Green and yellow vegetables and fruits, fish oils, eggs, dairy products Formation of visual pigments, maintenance of mucous membranes, transport of nutrients across cell membranes Night blindness, skin lesions, eye disease (Excess: hyperirritability, skin lesions, bone decalcification, increased pressure on the brain) Vitamin D 7.5  g of Cholecalciferol Fish oils, liver; provitamins in skin activated by sunlight Regulates calcium and phosphate metabolism Rickets (Excess: retarded mental and physical growth in children) Vitamin E (tocopherol) 10 mg (8 mg) of  -Tocopherol Green leafy vegetables, vegetable oils, wheat germ Maintenance of cell membrane Increased fragility of red blood cells Vitamin K 70-140  g b Green leafy vegetables; synthesized by bacteria in the gut Synthesis of prothrombin and other blood clotting factors in the liver Failure of coagulation of blood, (Excess: hemolytic anemia and liver damage)

3. History of the Vitamins VitaminDiscoveryIsolation Structure Elucidated Synthesis Vitamin A19091931 1947 Provitamin A-193019311950 Vitamin D1918193219361959 Vitamin E192219361938 Vitamin K19291939 Vitamin B 1 189719261936 Vitamin B 2 192019331935 Niacin1935193619371941 Vitamin B 6 19341938 1939 Vitamin B 12 1926194819561972 Folic acid1941 1946 Panthothenic acid193119381940 Biotin1931193519421943 Vitamin C191219281933

4. Vitamin A

5. -Carotene

6. Animal products Plants  -carotene retinyl esters all-trans-retinaldehydeall-trans-retinol all-trans-retinoic acid9-cis-retinoic acid

7. Carotenoid Properties and Metabolism Define Biological Actions  -Carotene  -apo-Carotenals  -apo-Carotenoic acids Retinoic acidRetinal Retinol Central Cleavage  -oxidation Excentric Cleavage

8. VitaminSource Clinical Conditions Resulting from Deficiency A Egg yolk, green and yellow vegetables, Fruits, liver, and dairy products Night blindness, keratinization of mucous membranes Night blindness, keratinization of mucous membranes D Dairy products, action of sunlight on skin Rickets Rickets E Green leafy vegetables Fragile red blood cells Fragile red blood cells K Leafy vegetables, intestinal bacteria Failure of blood clotting Failure of blood clotting

10. RHODOPSIN Darkness Daylight OPSIN 11-cis-Retinal 11-cis-Retinol Oxidation Isomerization Photoisomerization all-trans-Retinal all-trans-Retinol Reduction BLOODSTREAM

11. Infection Immune system responses 1.Altered lymphocyte number and/or subsets 2.Reduced innate responses 3.Altered cytokine production 4.Altered specific antibody responses Reduced plasma Vitamin A 1.Decreased vitamin A intake and/or absorption 2.Reduced hepatic mobilization 3.Increased retinol excretion Epithelial damage requiring repair/regeneration 1.Less retinoid for differentiation 2.Increased secondary infections Acute phase response Increased severity of disease

12. Toxic Manifestations Associated with Acute and Chronic Hypervitaminosis A AlopeciaExanthemaNausea AnemiaFatigueNegative N balance AnorexiaFeverNervous ailments AtaxiaFontanelle bulgingPapilledema Bone painHeadachePetechiae Brittle nailsHepatomegalyPolydipsia CheilitisHepatotoxicityPremature epiphyseal closure ConjunctivitisHypercalcemiaPruritus DermatitisHyperlipemiaPseudotumor cerebri DiarrheaHyperostosisSkin desquamation DiplopiaInsomniaSkin erythema DysuriaIrritabilitySkin rash EdemaMembrane drynessSkin scaliness Elevated CSF pressureMenstrual irregularitiesVomiting EpistaxisMuscular painWeight loss

13. Fat-soluble Vitamins Required in Human Nutrition NameRecommended Dietary Allowances (RDA) a Dietary Sources Function Symptoms of Deficiency Vitamin A 1000  g (800  g of Retinol) Green and yellow vegetables and fruits, fish oils, eggs, dairy products Formation of visual pigments, maintenance of mucous membranes, transport of nutrients across cell membranes Night blindness, skin lesions, eye disease (Excess: hyperirritability, skin lesions, bone decalcification, increased pressure on the brain) Vitamin D 7.5  g of Cholecalciferol Fish oils, liver; provitamins in skin activated by sunlight Regulates calcium and phosphate metabolism Rickets (Excess: retarded mental and physical growth in children) Vitamin E (tocopherol) 10 mg (8 mg) of  -Tocopherol Green leafy vegetables, vegetable oils, wheat germ Maintenance of cell membrane Increased fragility of red blood cells Vitamin K 70-140  g b Green leafy vegetables; synthesized by bacteria in the gut Synthesis of prothrombin and other blood clotting factors in the liver Failure of coagulation of blood, (Excess: hemolytic anemia and liver damage)

14. History of the Vitamins VitaminDiscoveryIsolation Structure Elucidated Synthesis Vitamin A19091931 1947 Provitamin A-193019311950 Vitamin D1918193219361959 Vitamin E192219361938 Vitamin K19291939 Vitamin B 1 189719261936 Vitamin B 2 192019331935 Niacin1935193619371941 Vitamin B 6 19341938 1939 Vitamin B 12 1926194819561972 Folic acid1941 1946 Panthothenic acid193119381940 Biotin1931193519421943 Vitamin C191219281933

15. Vitamin D

16. Classic appearance of rickets in a child (taken in 1900)

17. Classic appearance of rickets in a child

18. VitaminSource Clinical Conditions Resulting from Deficiency A Egg yolk, green and yellow vegetables, Fruits, liver, and dairy products Night blindness, keratinization of mucous membranes Night blindness, keratinization of mucous membranes D Dairy products, action of sunlight on skin Rickets Rickets E Green leafy vegetables Fragile red blood cells Fragile red blood cells K Leafy vegetables, intestinal bacteria Failure of blood clotting Failure of blood clotting

19. Human disease states related to vitamin D

20. Vitamin D3