1. PARADIGMS IN AUDIO-VISUAL SYNCHRONICITY: KURAMOTO OSCILLATORS Nolan Lem Center for Research in Music and Acoustics (CCRMA)

2. Kuramoto Oscillators and Collective Synchronization Models the collective synchronization of interacting systems. Developed by Yoshiki Kuramoto (b. 1940)[1] who solved a basic model proposed by Winfree [2] in 1967. Motivation was to characterize the behavioral dynamics involved in chemical, biological, ecological systems found in nature. fireflies synchronization, circadian rhythms, laser arrays, brain waves, cricket chirpings, pacemaker cells, superconduction, etc… 2 [2] A.T. Winfree, J. Theoret. Biol. 16 (1967) 15. [1] Kuramoto, Yoshiki (1975). H. Araki, ed. Lecture Notes in Physics, International Symposium on Mathematical Problems in Theoretical Physics 39. Springer-Verlag, New York. p. 420.

3. Collective synchronicity as an audio-visual medium Motivation: explore the range of auditory synchronicity within a specific model. Can this model be used as a paradigm from which to generate self- organizing phenomena for sonic applications? What types of parameterization are effective at communicating this type of gesture? To what extent can an auditor perceive of collective synch as occurring over time (e.g. via entrainment for instance)? What is the most interesting/effective way to audibly portray or induce the this type of behavior?

4. Kuramoto Model Characterization Non-linear system that models system dynamics of phase-coupled oscillators. System Behavior is ultimately a function of: 1. Limit-cycle oscillators whose natural initial frequencies are drawn from a Gaussian distribution. 2. Coupling strength, Kn, determines whether system may change state (e.g. phase transition, bifurcations). Conceptually: a “swarm of points” running around a circle at different freqs. [1]

5. System Transformation => Complex order parameter Equation [1] can be written in terms of a complex order parameter, r(t). E.g. This can be thought of as the “Collective rhythm” that is produced by whole oscillator population. R is the vector radius of the circle that moves at a frequency of Psi. [ R, Psi] (t) enable a macro-level view of the model: R(t) is a good indicator of phase coherence : how well the oscillators are locking into the same phase. Psi(t) indicates average group velocity. [2]

6. Model System states 3 Ways to Characterize System/Phase States: 1. Complete Incoherence (no phase locking) 2. Partial Synchronicity (partial phase locking) 3. Full Synchronicity – Phase Coherence (full phase locking)

7. Sonification Program Model Flow Processing with java libraries  generates.txt files of instantaneous phase per each oscillator. Python Script to parse.txt data to generate plots of group phase, group frequency, and r as a function of time. Forwards data to Chuck. Chuck generates audio from parsed data Can work in real-time…but examples here are not. Example of running Processing….

8. Example 1 20 oscillators => 20 sinusoids Stft 01.png  01 phase-freq-r plot (mapping) 300Hz f_offset + delt_f(-150  150Hz) Starting half way through… oscillators are recruited to render a stable coherence at freq ≈ 400 Hz. Choice of frequencies (e.g. mapping) is obviously very important if we are trying to create the impression of coherence, convergence, divergence, etc…more work needed here. In short, psychoacoustic phenomena are very different from our other sensory modalities. Simply mapping one onto another does not always create the same homologous affect.

9. Ex. 2 07.mov  07.pdf N = 30 oscillators Slower collective group synchronization. Descent in frequency as group velocity decreases.

10. Future interests in project This is a simple model for conceptualizing group dynamics of coupled systems. Most meaningful approach would be to use this model as a paradigm for inducing ‘events’ that couldn’t be generated otherwise. Other parameterization/mappings could be more interesting: Ex. Rhythmic convergences (density/timbre compositing), spatial mapping (circular speaker array), send data to microcontrollers to control physical systems/hardware, etc…