1. THE BRAIN!!!!!!

2. The Meninges Dura mater - outermost layer
Arachnoid mater  -  no blood vessels, in between layer (resembles a spider web)
Pia mater -inner membrane, contains nerves and blood vessels to nourish cells

3. The Meninges
CSF = cerebrospinal fluid
Figure 13.25a

4. Dura mater is being peeled away in this photo.

5. Subdural Hematoma

6. Summary: Dura Mater Blood in space Arachnoid Mater
CSP in subarachnoid space
Pia Mater

8. Spinal Cord
passes down the vertebral canal, has 31 segments  (each with a pair of spinal nerves)
Cervical enlargement = supplies nerves to upper limbs (neck) Lumbar enlargement = supplies nerves to the lower limbs (lower back)
FUNCTION: conducting nerve impulses, serves as a center for spinal reflexes

9. ASCENDING  - impulses travel to the brain (sensory) DESCENDING - impulses travel to the muscles (motor)

10. Spinal reflexes - reflex arcs pass through the spinal cord

13. **Epidural space is between the meninges and the vertebrae.

14. THE BRAIN
ANATOMICAL REGIONS
Cerebrum
Cerebellum
Brain Stem

16. General Terms: Convolutions of the Brain
- the wrinkles and grooves of the cerebrum
Fissures = deep groove
Sulcus = shallow groove
Gyrus = bump

17. Fissures – separate lobes
Longitudinal fissure - separate right and left sides

18. Transverse Fissure - separates cerebrum from cerebellum

19. Lateral Fissure separates the temporal lobe from the Frontal and Parietal lobes

20. CEREBRUM
Thinking, Reasoning, Emotions, Interpreting pain

21. The Cerebral Hemispheres
Figure 13.7b, c

22. 1. Cerebral Hemispheres - left and right side separated by the ....
2.  Corpus Callosum 
-  connects the two hemispheres 

24. Lobes of the Brain (general functions)
5.  Frontal – reasoning, thinking, language
6. Parietal – touch, pain, relation of body parts (somatosensory)
7.  Temporal Lobe – hearing
8.  Occipital – vision

25. LOBES OF THE BRAIN (CEREBRUM)
Figure 13.7a
Sulcus = groove
Gyrus = raised bump
Fissure = deep groove

26. 9.  Cerebral Cortex - thin layer of gray matter that is the outermost portion of cerebrum (the part with all the wrinkles)

27. Functional and Structural Areas of the Cerebral Cortex
Figure 13.11a

28. CEREBELLUM
Balance and coordination

30. BRAIN STEM Consists of three parts: PONS MIDBRAIN MEDULLA OBLONGATA
responsible for basic vital life functions such as breathing, heartbeat, and blood pressure

31. BRAIN STEM
Figure 13.4

32. Midbrain – visual reflexes, eye movements
Pons - relay sensory information
Medulla – heart, respiration, blood pressure

33. Diencephalon
1. Hypothalamus - hormones, heart rate, blood pressure, body temp, hunger
2. Thalamus - relay station
Almost all sensory information enters this structure where neurons send that information to the overlying cortex.

35. VENTRICLES OF THE BRAIN
Fluid filled cavities, contain CSF

36. Cerebrospinal Fluid (CSF) - fluid that protects and supports brain
Figure 13.27b

37. CHOROID PLEXUSES
Cauliflower-like masses of specialized capillaries from pia mater
Secrete CSF
Project into ventricles and eventually put CSF into the blood

38. C. ASSOCIATION (INTEGRATION)
FUNCTIONAL REGIONS
A. SENSORY AREAS
B. MOTOR AREAS
C. ASSOCIATION (INTEGRATION)

39. 13. Sensory Area - involved in feelings and sensations
   (visual, auditory, smell, touch, taste)

40. 14.  Association Areas
- higher levels of thinking, interpreting and analyzing information

41. 12.  Motor Areas
- controls voluntary movements - the right side of the brain generally controls the left side of the body
-also has Broca's Area (speech)

42. Optic Tract / Chiasma - optic nerves cross over each other

43. Brain with eyeballs

44. The limbic system, often referred to as the "emotional brain", is found buried within the cerebrum. Like the cerebellum, evolutionarily the structure is rather old.
This system contains the thalamus, hypothalamus, amygdala, and hippocampus.

45. Here is a visual representation of this system, from a midsagittal view of the human brain:

46. EMOTIONS: LIMBIC SYSTEM
The prefrontal lobe and the hippocampus are part of a system of structures in the brain.
The LIMBIC SYSTEM also includes olfactory lobes. Therefore, memory, emotion, and smell are linked.
Crayolas are created today with the same scent because it reminds people of their happy times in childhood.
Why is the brain formed so that smell and emotions are tied together? Because pheromones are tied to emotions and behavior, so they need the link.

47. Amygdala - involved in memory, emotion, and fear

48. MEMORY: HIPPOCAMPUS
Memory is controlled by the HIPPOCAMPUS (“sea horse”; that’s its shape). The hippocampus plays a major role in forging memories.

49. Memory

50. BASAL GANGLIA
Several masses of gray matter deep within each cerebral hemisphere
Relay station for motor impulses originating in the cerebral cortex  brain and spinal cord
**Parkinson’s disease – ganglia become overactive, resulting in inhibited movements
**Huntington’s disease – ganglia deteriorate, resulting in unrestrained movement

52. Controls sleep and awake times
RETICULAR FORMATION
Network of nerve fibers associated with nerve tissues that are scattered throughout the medulla, pons, and midbrain
Controls sleep and awake times
When this decreases in activity, sleep occurs. If this is injured  unconscious state

54. http://www. anatomie-amsterdam