1. Plant Diversity Botany = the study of plants

2. General Plant Charactertistics ●Living things that have roots, stems, and leaves ~ some have flowers ●Eukaryotes ●Multicellular - cell walls made of cellulose - large central vacuole - chloroplasts (contain a green pigment called chlorophyll) ●Autotrophic (photosynthesis)

3. Stem: ●supports plant ●transports water and nutrients ●part of the shoot system Organs of the Plant

4. Leaves: ●photosynthetic organ of the plant, used to convert sunlight into food ●part of the shoot system Organs of the Plant

5. Roots: ●water and minerals are absorbed ●also used to anchor the plant ●store energy for the plant (taproots or root vegetables) ●makes up the root system

6. Epidermis: single layer of cells that cover the outside of the leaf Cuticle: waxy covering on leaf that prevents water loss Stomata: pores within the leaf that open to let CO 2 in and O 2 out. Guard cells open and close. Other Important Parts of the Plant

7. Plant Evolution The first plants evolved from an organism similar to the multicellular green algae living today. Adaptations from water to land: Problem ●Drying Out ●Making Food ●Reproduction ●Gravity & Support ●Getting water & nutrients Solution Waxy cuticle, stomata Formed leaves Develops spores & seeds Bark (cork) & vessels; cell walls (cellulose) Roots & vessels

8. Evolution of the Plant Kingdom Flowering plants Cone-bearing plants Ferns and their relatives Mosses and their relatives Flowers; Seeds enclosed in fruit Water-conducting (vascular) tissue Seeds Green algae ancestor

9. Non-Vascular Plants (Bryophytes) ●no vascular tissue - have Rhizoids which are root-like structures that absorb water and nutrients ●no roots, no stems or leaves ●requires a constantly moist environment for reproduction Examples: Mosses & Liverworts

10. Vascular Plants (Tracheophytes) ●have shoot and root system ●have tube-like structures that carry water and nutrients through the plant Xylem: transports water Phloem: transports food & nutrients Sap is the fluid carried inside the xylem or phloem ●Divided into two groups: 1. Seedless Vascular Plants & 2. Seed Bearing Vascular Plants

11. Photo by Aaron Escobar

13. Vascular Seedless Plants ●do not produce seeds ●have long, tube-like cells that carry water, minerals, and food to cells throughout the plant (xylem and phloem) ●also requires a constantly moist environment for reproduction Examples: ferns

14. Vascular Seed Plants ●produce seeds ●have leaves, roots, stems, and vascular tissue (xylem & phloem) ●two types: Gymnosperms and Angiosperms

15. Vascular Seed Plants-Gymnosperms ●"naked seeds“ (not protected by fruit & do not have flowers) ●cone bearing plants (seeds grow on cones) ●needle like leaves ●usually stay green year round ●wind pollinated Examples: pine trees & evergreens

16. Vascular Seed Plants-Angiosperms ●flowering plants ●seeds are enclosed in a fruit ●most are pollinated by birds & bees ●have finite growing seasons Examples: grasses, tulips, oaks, dandelions

17. Angiosperms (flowering plants) are divided into two main groups: What are Cotyledons? the first leaves produced by plants referred to as "seed leaves", because they are actually part of the seed or embryo of the plant the seed leaves serve to access the stored nutrients in the seed, feeding it until the true leaves develop and begin photosynthesizing

18. Monocots

19. Dicots