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Horticulture I 3.00 Plant Anatomy Mrs. Schratwieser
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Unit B Plant Physiology 3.01 Discuss biological terms used to describe plants.
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A. Life Cycle of Plants 1.Annual –completes its life cycle in 1 year 2.Biennial – completes its life cycle in 2 years Usually grows the 1 st and flowers the 2 nd 3.Perennial – lives more than 2 years Some grow and bloom the first year
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B. Leaf Retention of a Plant 1.Deciduous – lose their leaves during dormant season 2.Evergreen – plants retain their leaves and remain green year round
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C. Moisture in Plants 1.Turgid – swollen with moisture 2.Wilted – plant is limp because it does not have enough moisture
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D. Plant Growth 1.Dormant – resting or growing very little Generally a response to adverse conditions (extreme heat or cold) 2.Botany – plant part of biology
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E. Season Crop Type 1.Cool season plants – relish cool temperatures Grow best in spring or fall Pansy 2.Warm season plants – relish warm temperatures Grow best in summer and early fall Zinnia, Marigold, Vinca
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Plant Physiology 3.02 Discuss the anatomy and functions of plants
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A. Leaves
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External Parts of Leaf Petiole Midrib Blade Veins Margin Apex
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Petiole (leaf stalk-connects leaf to stem)
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Midrib- large center vein
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Blade-large, flat part of leaf
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Veins-structural framework of leaf
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Margin – edge of leaf
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Apex- leaf tip
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Internal Parts of leaf Epidermis Stomates Guard cells Chloroplasts
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Epidermis – “skin” part of leaf prevents water loss
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Stomates – small openings under the leaf that allow the plant to breath or transpire
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Guard Cells – regulate the opening and closing of stomates
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Chloroplasts – small green particles (chlorophyll) needed for photosynthesis
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Functions of Leaf Photosynthesis Respiration Transpiration
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Photosynthesis- process of capturing sunlight to convert carbon dioxide and water into food 6 CO 2 + 6 H 2 O → 6(CH 2 O) + 6 O 2
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Respiration- converts sugars and starches into energy
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Transpiration – release of water vapor from leaves (cools the plants)
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Leaves additional Sessile Bracts Needles & Scales Glaborous Pubescent
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Sessile-leaves without a petiole (Zinnia)
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Bracts – modified leaves (poinsettia)
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Needles & Scales – modified leaves (pine tree, cedar)
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Glaborous – leaves/stems with a smooth, non hairy feel (magnolia)
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Pubescent – leaves/stems with hairy feel (fuzz) (African Violet)
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B. Stems
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External Parts Lenticels Bud scale scars Leaf scars Terminal bud Axillary bud Lateral bud
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Lenticels Breathing pores On stems and branches
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Bud Scale Scars Indicates where a terminal bud has been located
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Leaf Scar Indicates where a leaf was attached
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Terminal Bud Bud on end of stem
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Axillary bud Bud located at the axil of the leaf
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Lateral Bud Buds on side of stem
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Internal parts of stem Xylem Phloem Cambium Bark Heartwood Sapwood
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Internal Stems 1.Xylem - Tissue transporting water and nutrients up from the roots to the stems and leaves 2.Phloem – Tissue transporting food down from leaves to the roots 3.Cambium – Thin, green, actively growing tissue between the bark and wood Produces all new stem cells 4.Bark – Old, inactive phloem 5.Heartwood – Old, inactive xylem 6.Sapwood – New, active xylem
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Cotyledons 1.Monocots – plant stems with vascular bundles Each bundle contain both xylem and phloem Produce one seed leaf Many grasses and corn 2.Dicots – plant stems have a phloem and xylem layer separated by cambium Produce 2 seed leaves Trees and many vegetables
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Functions of the stem 1.Translocation – movement of water and minerals through plant Phloem moves food down to roots Xylem moves water & nutrients up to leaves from roots
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C. Roots
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External parts (much different than stems) 1.Root cap – located at tip of root Where new cells are produced 2.Root hairs – absorb moisture (water) and minerals
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Internal Parts (much like stems) Contain phloem, cambium, xylem layers 1.Phloem – outer layer of root, carries food down the root 2.Xylem- inner layer of root, carries water and minerals up to stem
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Types of roots 1.Fibrous – many branched shallow roots Easy to transplant 2.Tap – long roots with few branched roots More difficult to transplant
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Functions of Roots 1.Anchorage 2.Absorption 3.Asexual reproduction 4.storage
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D. Flowers
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External Sepals – green parts that cover and protect flower bud before it opens Petals – really modified leaves that attract insects for polination
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Internal Develop into seeds & fruits Stamens – Male flower part 1.Anther: sac-like structure, contains pollen (male sex cells) 2.Filament: short stalk, holds up anther Pistil – Female flower part 1.Stigma: sticky part on top of style, where pollen is deposited 2.Style: holds up stigma, connects it to the ovary 3.Ovary: becomes fruit if fertilized 4.Ovules: eggs (female sex cells) becomes seeds if fertilized
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Functions Attracts insects for pollination Produces seeds for sexual reproduction Produces fruit to nourish and protect seed
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Additional Information Complete flower – contains male and female parts Incomplete flower – have only male or only female parts Fertilization – pollen travels down the style, joining sperm and ovule Pollination – transfer of pollen from anther to stigma Cross-pollination – transfer of pollen from stamen to stigma of one flower to a flower on another plant Self-pollination – transfer of pollen from stamen to stigma of a flower on the same plant
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Additional Information Corolla – auxiliary parts of the flower, not including reproductive organs (collective term for all the petals of flower) Calyx – external, usually green, leafy part of the flower (collective term for all sepals of a flower) Receptacle – enlarged tip of a stem on which a flower is born Fruit – protects seed & helps with seed dispersal Juvenile stage – plant first begins to grow from a seed
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Read and summarize “Why leaves Change Color” http://www.buzzle.com/articles/why-do-leaves-change-color.html
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