1. Copyright © 2007 The McGraw-Hill Companies Inc. Permission Required for Reproduction or Display. 1 Chapter 12 Cross-cultural Exchanges on the Silk Roads

2. Copyright © 2007 The McGraw-Hill Companies Inc. Permission Required for Reproduction or Display. 2 Long-Distance Travel in the Ancient World Lack of police enforcement outside of established settlements Changed in classical period  Improvement of infrastructure  Development of empires

3. Copyright © 2007 The McGraw-Hill Companies Inc. Permission Required for Reproduction or Display. 3 Trade Networks Develop Dramatic increase in trade due to Greek colonization Maintenance of roads, bridges Discovery of Monsoon wind patterns Increased tariff revenues used to maintain open routes

4. Copyright © 2007 The McGraw-Hill Companies Inc. Permission Required for Reproduction or Display. 4 Trade in the Hellenistic World Bactria/India  Spices, pepper, cosmetics, gems, pearls Persia, Egypt  Grain Mediterranean  Wine, oil, jewelry, art Development of professional merchant class

5. Copyright © 2007 The McGraw-Hill Companies Inc. Permission Required for Reproduction or Display. 5 The Silk Roads Named for principal commodity from China Dependent on imperial stability Overland trade routes from China to Roman Empire Tariffs and tolls finance local supervision Tax income incentives to maintain safety, maintenance of passage

6. Copyright © 2007 The McGraw-Hill Companies Inc. Permission Required for Reproduction or Display. 6 Cultural Trade: Buddhism and Hinduism Merchants carry religious ideas along silk routes India through central Asia to east Asia Cosmopolitan centers promote development of monasteries to shelter traveling merchants Buddhism becomes dominant faith of silk roads, 200 BCE-700 CE

7. Copyright © 2007 The McGraw-Hill Companies Inc. Permission Required for Reproduction or Display. 7 The spread of Buddhism, Hinduism, and Christianity, 200 BCE – 400 CE

8. Copyright © 2007 The McGraw-Hill Companies Inc. Permission Required for Reproduction or Display. 8 Buddhism in China and SE Asia Originally, Buddhism restricted to foreign merchant populations  Gradual spread to larger population beginning 5 th c. CE Use of Sea lanes in Indian Ocean also spreads Hinduism

9. Copyright © 2007 The McGraw-Hill Companies Inc. Permission Required for Reproduction or Display. 9 Christianity in Mediterranean Basin Gregory the Wonderworker, central Anatolia 3 rd c. CE Christianity spreads through Middle East, North Africa, Europe Sizeable communities as far east as India Judaism, Zoroastrianism also practiced

10. Copyright © 2007 The McGraw-Hill Companies Inc. Permission Required for Reproduction or Display. 10 Christianity in SW Asia Influence of ascetic practices from India Monastic societies After 5 th c. CE, followed Nestorius  Emphasized human nature of Jesus

11. Copyright © 2007 The McGraw-Hill Companies Inc. Permission Required for Reproduction or Display. 11 The Spread of Epidemic Disease Role of trade routes in spread of pathogens Limited data, but trends in demographics reasonably clear Smallpox, measles, bubonic plague Effect: Economic slowdown, move to regional self-sufficiency

12. Copyright © 2007 The McGraw-Hill Companies Inc. Permission Required for Reproduction or Display. 12 Epidemics in the Han and Roman Empires

13. Copyright © 2007 The McGraw-Hill Companies Inc. Permission Required for Reproduction or Display. 13 Internal Decay of the Han State Court intrigue Formation of actions Problem of land distribution  Large landholders develop private armies Epidemics Peasant rebellions  184 CE Yellow Turban Rebellion

14. Copyright © 2007 The McGraw-Hill Companies Inc. Permission Required for Reproduction or Display. 14 Collapse of the Han Dynasty Generals assume authority, reduce Emperor to puppet figure Alliance with landowners 200 CE Han Dynasty abolished, replaced by 3 kingdoms Decline of Confucian doctrine Immigration of northern nomads increases  Many start to adopt Chinese ways of life China after the Han Dynasty, 220 CE

15. Copyright © 2007 The McGraw-Hill Companies Inc. Permission Required for Reproduction or Display. 15 Fall of the Roman Empire: Internal Factors The Barracks Emperors 235-284 26 claimants to the throne, all but one killed in power struggles Epidemics Disintegration of imperial economy in favor of local and regional self-sufficient economies

16. Copyright © 2007 The McGraw-Hill Companies Inc. Permission Required for Reproduction or Display. 16 Diocletian (r. 284-305 CE) Divided empire into two administrative districts  Co-Emperors, dual Lieutenants Currency, budget reform Relative stability disappears after Diocletian's death, civil war follows Constantine emerges victorious

17. Copyright © 2007 The McGraw-Hill Companies Inc. Permission Required for Reproduction or Display. 17 Fall of the Roman Empire: External Factors Visigoths, influenced by Roman law, Christianity  Formerly buffer states for Roman Empire Attacked by Huns under Attila in 5 th c. CE Massive migration of Germanic peoples into Roman Empire Sacked Rome in 410 CE, established Germanic emperor in 476 CE  Alaric  Odovacer

18. Copyright © 2007 The McGraw-Hill Companies Inc. Permission Required for Reproduction or Display. 18 Germanic invasions and the fall of the western Roman Empire, 450-476 CE

19. Copyright © 2007 The McGraw-Hill Companies Inc. Permission Required for Reproduction or Display. 19 Cultural Change in the Roman Empire Growth of Christianity  Constantine’s Vision, 312 CE  Promulgates Edict of Milan, allows Christian practice  Converts to Christianity 380 CE Emperor Theodosius proclaims Christianity official religion of Roman Empire

20. Copyright © 2007 The McGraw-Hill Companies Inc. Permission Required for Reproduction or Display. 20 The Institutional Church Conflicts over doctrine and practice in early Church  Divinity of Jesus  Role of women Church hierarchy established  Patriarchs, Bishop of Rome