1. Do Now: What is your definition of a “group?” What types of “groups” do you belong to?

2. Group At least two people who have one or more goals in common and share common ways of thinking and behaving; characteristics of a group: – In regular contact with one another – Share some ways of thinking, feeling and behaving – Take one another’s behavior into account – Have one or more interests or goals in common Not to be confused with social categories (i.e., women, high school seniors…) and social aggregates (people temporarily in the same place at the same time)

3. Primary Groups People who are emotionally close, know one another well, and seek one another’s company People who are emotionally close, know one another well, and seek one another’s company

4. Conditions for primary groups to develop Small Size Face-to-face contact Continuous contact Proper social environment

5. Functions of primary groups Emotional support Socialization Encourage Conformity

6. Secondary Group People who share only part of their lives while focusing on a goal or task

7. The true distinction between primary and secondary groups is in how strongly the participants feel about one another and how dependent they are on the group for sustenance and identity

8. Task Identify a primary group and a secondary group to which you belong. Describe three functions of each of these groups based on your personal experiences. Then compare and contrast your relationships in each group.

9. Reference Groups Group used for self-evaluation and the formation of attitudes, values, beliefs and norms

10. In-Groups and Out-Groups In-group In-group – Exclusive group demanding intense loyalty – Its norms compel members to exclude others Out-Group Out-Group – A group toward which in-group members feel opposition, antagonism, or competition “Us v. Them”

11. Attribution Theory The principle that we all make inferences about the personalities of others The principle that we all make inferences about the personalities of others. Sociologist Thomas F. Pettigrew notes that individuals commonly generate a significantly distorted perception of the motives and capabilities of other people’s acts based on whether those people are in-group or out-group members

12. Social Network A web of social relationships that join a person to other people and groups All of a person’s relationships make up his or her social network Are social networks groups? How strong are the ties in a social network?

13. Identify an “in-group” that you are aware of. Identify the characteristics, goals and motivations of this group. In other words, what makes this group “exclusive?”

14. Types of Social Interaction Cooperation - A form of interaction in which individuals or groups combine their efforts to reach some goal Cooperation - A form of interaction in which individuals or groups combine their efforts to reach some goal Conflict – Groups or individuals that work against one another for a large share of the rewards; interaction aimed at defeating an opponent Conflict – Groups or individuals that work against one another for a large share of the rewards; interaction aimed at defeating an opponent

15. Types of Social Interaction (cont.) Social exchange – A voluntary action performed in the expectation of getting a reward in return; the idea of reciprocity prevails Social exchange – A voluntary action performed in the expectation of getting a reward in return; the idea of reciprocity prevails Coercion – Interaction in which individuals or groups are forced to behave in a certain way Coercion – Interaction in which individuals or groups are forced to behave in a certain way Conformity – Behavior that matches group expectations Conformity – Behavior that matches group expectations

16. Asch Conformity Experiment According to the study, what were some reasons that people conformed? What does this say about humans?

17. Groupthink Self deceptive thinking that is based on conformity to group beliefs, and created by group pressure to conform; “going with the flow”

18. Symptoms of Groupthink Illusion of Invulnerability – Members ignore obvious danger, take extreme risks, are overly optimistic Collective Rationalization – Members discredit and explain away warning contrary to group thinking Illusion of Morality – Members believe their decisions are morally correct, ignore ethical consequences Excessive Stereotyping – Group constructs negative stereotypes of rivals outside the group Pressure for Conformity – Opposing arguments are seen as disloyalty Self-Censorship – Members withhold their dissenting views and counter-arguments Illusion of Unanimity – Members perceive falsely that everyone agrees with group’s decisions; silence is seen as consent Mindguards – Some members appoint themselves to the role of protecting the group from adverse information

20. At some point in your life you experienced the phenomenon of groupthink. Reflect on that experience and write a brief description of it. Consider how you felt at the time, and how you feel about it now (i.e. do you regret “giving in?”).

24. What is the Capital of The United States A. New York B. Philadelphia C. Washington, D.C.

25. What is the Capital of France? A. Berlin B. Paris C. London

26. What is the Capital of Canada A. Montreal B. Toronto C. Ottawa

27. What is the Capital of New Jersey A. Trenton B. Newark C. Jersey City

28. Formal Organizations A group deliberately created to achieve one or more long-term goals – Bureaucracy: A formal organization based on rationality and efficiency

29. Characteristics of a bureaucracy A division of labor A hierarchy of authority A system of rules and procedures Written records of work and activities Promotion on the basis of merit and qualifications The above characteristics represent the ideals (not necessarily the realities) of a bureaucracy as analyzed by Max Weber

30. Rationalization Mindset emphasizing knowledge, reason, and planning rather than tradition and superstition Informal organization – groups within a formal organization in which personal relationships are guided by norms, rituals, and sentiments that are not part of the formal organization What role do informal organizations play in the functioning of a bureaucracy?

31. “Bureaucracy’s other face” Charles Page The informal structure of social interactions could ignore, change, or otherwise bypass the formal structure and rules of the organization The formation of subcultures leads to both inclusion and isolation of people within a bureaucracy Ritualism – Rigid adherence to rules can produce a slavish following of them, which may not accomplish the purpose for which the rules were originally designed Alienation – the psychological separation of individuals from the organization; may result in lower worker productivity, turnover, absenteeism, and overall dissatisfaction with the organization

32. The Office; Season 1 – Episode 1 – Which characteristics of bureaucracy are represented in the episode? – How is the concept of informal structure represented in the office? – What is the overall effect of the informal structure on the functioning of Dunder-Mifflin? As we’ve argued, the Fort Lee School District is a bureaucratic organization. Using Fort Lee High School as a case study, how do informal relationships within the school alter specific outcomes of the organization?

33. McDonaldization of Society McDonaldization of Society George Ritzer Efficiency Calculability Predictability Substitution of Nonhuman for Human Technology Control Metaphorical description of society based on the business model of McDonald’s. It emphasizes the following elements:

39. In the Times' video, Peggy sings hymns and discusses her business strategy. "It's a convenience thing," she explains. "You can come by after work, you don't need to deal with parking, you can sign the book outside and the family knows that you paid your respects." Robert L. Adams Mortuary; Compton, California

40. Max Weber on Bureaucracy "From a purely technical point of view, a bureaucracy is capable of attaining the highest degree of efficiency, and is in this sense formally the most rational known means of exercising authority over human beings. It is superior to any other form in precision, in stability, in the stringency of its discipline, and in its reliability. It thus makes possible a particularly high degree of calculability of results for the heads of the organization and for those acting in relation to it. It is finally superior both in intensive efficiency and in the scope of its operations and is formally capable of application to all kinds of administrative tasks”

41. "...it is still more horrible to think that the world could one day be filled with nothing but those little cogs, little men clinging to little jobs and striving toward bigger ones--a state of affairs which is to be seen once more, as in the Egyptian records, playing an ever-increasing part in the spirit of our present administrative systems, and especially of its offspring, the students. This passion for bureaucracy...is enough to drive one to despair. It is as if in politics... we were to deliberately to become men who need "order" and nothing but order, who become nervous and cowardly if for one moment this order wavers, and helpless if they are torn away from their total incorporation in it. That the world should know no men but these: it is in such an evolution that we are already caught up, and the great question is therefore not how we can promote and hasten it, but what can we oppose to this machinery in order to keep a portion of mankind free from this parceling- out of the soul, from this supreme mastery of the bureaucratic way of life." Max Weber on Bureaucracy