1. Chapter Five Section Two

2. Growing Inequality and Unrest and a New Role for the Army Senate – Made up of landed aristocracy – Governed Rome – Becoming increasingly controlled by the elite Small farmers = backbone of Rome’s army – Started losing land to large, wealthy landowners – Urban class of landless poor – Rome suffers growing economic and social unrest

3. Growing Inequality and Unrest and a New Role for the Army Tiberius and Gaius Gracchus – Reform-minded aristocrats – Believed the problem was the decline of the small farmer – Demanded laws giving the public land of the aristocrats back to the landless poor – 133 B.C. Tiberius assassinated by senators Same fate for Gaius – Unrest continues

4. Growing Inequality and Unrest and a New Role for the Army Changes in the army made things worse – First century B.C. General Marius began recruiting soldiers Landless poor Promised them land in exchange for sworn allegiance – Loyalty traditionally went to the state – After Marius generals became political Individual general gained great power

5. Growing Inequality and Unrest and a New Role for the Army Sulla = next politically powerful general – Commanded war in Asia Minor – Council of plebs tried to give command to Marius Civil War! Sulla seized Rome in 82 B.C. Sulla restored power to the Senate – Took power from popular assemblies Taking military power would eventually be Rome’s downfall

6. The Collapse of the Republic Fifty-one years of civil war raged in Rome – 82 to 31 B.C. – Victors: Crassus, Pompey, and Julius Caesar Crassus = wealthy Pompey and Caesar = military heroes First Triumvirate in 60 B.C. – Triumvirate—government by three people with equal power

7. The Collapse of the Republic Crassus was killed in a military excursion Senate decided that Pompey should rule alone – Julius Caesar ordered to give up command He refused Caesar took his army illegally into Italy by crossing over the Rubicon River

8. The Collapse of the Republic Caesar defeated Pompey – Became a dictator in 45 B.C. – Dictator = absolute ruler Caesar believed Rome needed reform – Gave land to the poor – Expanded Senate to 900 members Filled Senate w/ his supporters---weakened power Leading senators assassinated Caesar in 44 B.C.

9. The Collapse of the Republic Octavian, Anthony, and Lepidus formed the Second Triumvirate Octavian and Anthony divide the Roman world – Octavian = West – Anthony = East Results in conflict Anthony allied and fell in love with Cleopatra VII—Queen of Egypt

10. The Collapse of the Republic Battle of Actium – Octavian wins – 31 B.C. – Anthony and Cleopatra flee to Egypt Commit suicide a year later Civil wars and Roman Republic end New period in Roman history begins – Age of Augustus

11. The Age of Augustus “The Restoration of the Republic” = 27 B.C. – Under Octavian Becomes Rome’s first emperor – Senate has limited power Senate titles him “Augustus” or “the revered one” Senate then gives him the title of imperator— commander in chief – The word emperor derives from this word

12. The Age of Augustus Augusts had an army of 28 legions – 5,000 troops each Made up of citizens – Auxiliary forces made up of others (noncitizens) 130,000 – Praetorian guard of 9,000 men to protect the emperor Rome’s frontiers are stabilized & new conquests made

13. The Age of Augustus German warriors wiped out three Roman legions – Taught Augustus that Rome’s power was limited Devastated – For months he beat his head against the door and shouted “Varus, [the defeated commander] give me back my legions!”

14. The Early Empire Early Empire = A.D. 14 to 180 – A.D. = Anno Domini Emperor was allowed to pick his successor from his family After Augustus – Tiberius – Caligula – Claudius – Nero

15. The Early Empire Under the four emperors following Augusts the position became more powerful and corrupt Nero – Killed anyone who got in his way Killed his own mother – Senate could not oppose Nero b/c they had no army – Legion revolted against him Committed suicide

16. The Early Empire Beginning of second century – Five so-called good emperors led Rome Nerva, Trajan, Hadrian, Antoninus Pius & Marcus Aurelius – Created time of peace and prosperity called Pax Romana » Lasted almost 100 years Stopped arbitrary executions Respected the ruling class Maintained peace

17. The Early Empire Took more power from the Senate Officials appointed and directed by the emperor ran the government Adopted capable men into their families as successors Instituted programs to help the people – Helped poor educate their children – Oversaw wide spread building projects Aqueducts, bridges, roads, & harbors

18. The Early Empire Roman empire expands – Trajan Rule extends to Dacia (Romania), Mesopotamia, and the Sinai Peninsula – Hadrian realized the empire was getting too big to rule Withdrew troops from Mesopotamia and defended Rome’s frontiers Strengthened fortifications between the Rhine and Danube Rivers Built Hadrian’s Wall in northern Britain to keep out the Pcts and the Scot – Defending the empire was becoming increasingly difficult

19. The Early Empire Second Century – Roman Empire covered about three and a half million square miles – Population = over fifty million – Imperial govn’t helped unify the empire by acknowledging local customs and granting Roman citizenship In A.D. 212 Caracalla gave Roman citizenship to call free people in the empire

20. The Early Empire Western part of the empire Roman culture, law, and Latin language were spread in the cities Greek was spoken in the east Greco-Roman is a term used to identify civilizations that blended Greek and Roman culture

21. The Early Empire Early Empire = Prosperous Trade grew b/c of internal peace Began trading silk goods with China Imported large amounts of grain – Feed the poor Luxury items for the rich

22. The Early Empire Farming = basis for Roman prosperity & work Latifundia—landed estates that dominated farming Slaves helped raise sheep & cattle Small peasant farmers Large gap between rich and poor Wealthy people lived extravagant lives Poor depended on emperor’s handouts to survive