1. Nationalist Revolutions Sweep the West Nationalism Case Study: Italy and Germany Ch. 24, Sec. 3

2. Nationalism: A Force for Unity or Disunity Nationalists were not loyal to kings, but to their people. People of a certain nationality should unite together. 3 Types of Nationalist Movements 1.Unification Germany Italy 2.Separation (break away from other nation due to culture) Greeks (Ottomans) French Speaking Canadians (this has not happened) 3.State-Building (Culturally diverse groups band together to form a new nation state under a single culture) U.S. Authoritarian rulers began to see that nationalism could unite masses of people.

3. Nationalism Shakes Aging Empires Austria – Austrian Empire had many different ethnic groups – First lost land to Prussia (Austro-Prussian War - 1866) – Being pressured by the Hungarians for independence, the Austrian Emperor created Austria-Hungary (2 states under 1 emperor – Emperor Francis Joseph) – After WWI, A-H broke into several separate nation-states. (A-H was a Central Power – the losers in WWI)

4. Nationalism Shakes Aging Empires Russia – Czars ruled over many different cultures – To maintain control over the diverse groups, the Romanovs instituted a policy of Russification = forcing Russian culture on all ethnic groups in an empire  ↑ in ethnic nationalistic feelings  disunity in Russia – With WWI and Communist Revolution, the last Romanov czar gave up power in 1917.

5. Nationalism Shakes Aging Empires Ottoman Empire – Many different ethnic groups – Ruled by the Turks. The Turks were angered when the Ottomans granted equal citizenship to everyone (before this, the Turks had the most power) – Nationalist feelings ↑ – In response to growing nationalism by Armenians, the Ottomans massacred and deported  over 1 million deaths – Empire will break apart after WWI (the Ottomans were also on the losing side) Today = Turkey

6. Italy Nationalism By 1848, Italy was divided into many smaller states – most controlled by foreign powers. Between 1815-1848, fewer and fewer Italians were content in being ruled by a foreign power. Piedmont-Sardinia was the most powerful Italian state. Many Italians looked to Piedmont for leadership in unification.

7. Italy Cavour 1852 – Victor Emmanuel II (King of Piedmont Sardinia – northern Italy) appointed Camillo di Cavour as his Prime Minister. 1858 – With the help of France (Napoleon III), Sardinia fought Austria to gain control of all of northern Italy (except for Venetia). Austria was booted out. Cavour continued south.

8. Italy Garibaldi Garibaldi was a nationalist soldier fighting in southern Italy – he wanted to unite Italy. G and his soldiers always wore “Red Shirts” When G and Cavour met, G “The Red One” stepped aside so that Emmanuel II could be King of all of Italy By 1870, all of Italy was united – Vatican City, a section in Rome, would continue to be governed by the Pope.

9. Garibaldi Garibaldi fought in both Latin America and Italy. In fact, he was offered a command in the Union Army by Pres. Lincoln

10. Germany Nationalism 1815 - Germany was divided into 39 states called the German Confederation. Many Germans shared a common history, culture, and language. Many Germans felt a strong sense of nationalism and wanted to unite into 1 nation- state

11. Germany Wilhelm I 1861 - William 1 (Wilhelm 1) became King of Prussia Wilhelm I was supported by the Junkers – conservative, wealthy Prussians Wilhelm I appointed Otto Von Bismarck to Prime Minister of Prussia  Bismarck was a Junker Bismarck wanted to create a strong united Germany

12. Germany Bismarck Bismarck believed in real politik (politics of reality) = politics based on practicality (“real life”) rather than ideologies  think Machiavelli Bismarck was the mastermind behind German unification. In fact, he basically started 2 wars on false pretenses just to unite all of the German states – – Seven Weeks War (vs. Austria) - Prior to this, he had already united with Austria to win 2 provinces of Denmark. In the Seven Weeks War, he purposely started a fight with Austria over these 2 provinces. Prussia won. – Franco-Prussian War (vs. France). Prussia won. – THESE VICTORIES HELPED WIN SUPPORT OF MOST PEOPLE IN THE GERMAN CONFEDERATION – THEY WERE NOW IN FAVOR OF A UNITED GERMANY UNDER PRUSSIAN LEADERSHIP.

13. Bismarck “It is not by means of speeches and majority resolutions that the great issues of the day will be decided – that was the mistake of 1848 and 1849 – but by blood” - Bismarck became Chancellor of Germany in 1871 and Wilhelm I declared himself Kaiser (Emperor) of the Second Reich (he announced this at the captured Versailles). - Bismarck would later be forced out of power in 1890 by William II

14. Shift of Power 1815 – Congress of Vienna – France, G.B., Prussia, Austria and Russia were the 5 major powers  Balance of Power 1871 – G.B. and Germany were the top 2 European Powerhouses  No longer a Balance of Power