2. 206 bones in the body While the average adult has 206 bones, some people have an extra pair of ribs. A baby’s skeleton has over 300 bones; some fuse as they grow. More than half the body’s bones are in the hands and feet. Bone is five times stronger than a steel bar of the same weight. Females usually have smaller, lighter skeletons than males

3. FUNCTIONS 1.Supports body and provides shape. 2.Protects internal organs. 3.Movement and anchorage of muscles. 4.Mineral storage. (Calcium and phosphorus) (99% of the body’s calcium is in the bones and teeth) 5.Hemopoiesis – manufacture of blood cells

4. OSTEOCYTE – mature bone cell

5. BONE FORMATION Embryo skeleton starts as osteoblasts - (primitive embryonic cells) – then changes to cartilage. At 8 weeks, OSSIFICATION begins. (Mineral matter begins to replace cartilage) Infant bones soft because ossification not complete at birth.

6. FONTANEL - Soft spot on baby’s head – to allow for passage during childbirth (disappears at one year of age)

7. STRUCTURE OF LONG BONE DIAPHYSIS – shaft EPIPHYSES – ends (near the ends of long bones is the epiphyseal plate – the site where bones lengthen as children grow)

8. MEDULLARY CAVITY – center of shaft, filled with yellow bone marrow, which is mostly fat cells, also cells that form white blood cells. ENDOSTEUM – lines marrow cavity

9. Shaft is made of COMPACT BONE – made up of tiny tubules of bone (osteons) forms strong outer shell (the body’s second hardest material after enamel) Ends are SPONGY BONE. Ends contain red marrow where red blood cells are made. (75% of the body’s bone is compact and 25% is spongy bone)

10. PERIOSTEUM – tough, outside covering of bone – contains blood vessels, lymph vessels and nerves.

11. AXIAL & APPENDICULAR SKELETON AXIAL – skull, spinal column, ribs, sternum, hyoid APPENDICULAR – shoulder girdle, arms, pelvis, legs

12. Skull Cranial bones 1 frontal 2 parietal 2 temporal 1 occipital 1 ethmoid

13. FACIAL BONES 2 nasal 1 vomer 2 inferior concha 2 maxilla 2 lacrimal 2 zygomatic 2 palatine 1 mandible

14. The skull contains 22 bones Eight bones form the cranial vault and support the brain The face is made up of 14 bones The skull houses the tiny bones (ossicles of the middle ear – three on each side

15. Spine – Vertebral Column Encloses the spinal cord Vertebrae – separated by pads of cartilage =intervertebral discs-(have a tough, flexible outer case & a soft, jelly-like center, & cushion & protect the vertebrae)

16. Cervical vertebrae (7) Thoracic vertebrae (12) Lumbar vertebrae (5) Sacrum Coccyx

17. SPINAL FACTS A human neck has the same number of vertebrae as a giraffe Spinous processes form knobbles that protrude under the skin covering the spine. Intervertebral disks act as shock absorbers to prevent damage from sudden jolts. Lumbar vertebrae are the strongest – they must support the weight of the upper body

18. Ribs and Sternum Sternum divided into 3 parts – bottom tip is XIPHOID PROCESS 12 pairs of ribs – first 7 are true ribs – connected to sternum by cartilage next 3 are false ribs – cartilage connects them to 7th rib (not sternum) next 2 are floating

19. Appendicular Skeleton clavicle – collar bone scapula – shoulder blade humerus – upper arm radius and ulna – lower arm

20. carpals – wrist bones – held together by ligaments metalcarpals – hand bones phalanges – fingers

21. pelvis – 3 bones (ilium, ischium, and pubis)

22. femur – upper leg, longest and strongest bone in body tibia and fibula – lower leg patella – kneecap

23. tarsal bones – ankle calcaneus – heel bone metatarsals – foot bones

24. JOINTS Joints are points of contact between 2 bones –classified according to movement:

25. SYNOVIAL FLUID – lubricating substance in joints

26. BALL AND SOCKET JOINT bone with ball-shaped head fits into concave socket of 2nd bone. Shoulders and hips. (has the greatest range of motion)

27. HINGE JOINTS – move in one direction or plane. Knees, elbows, outer joints of fingers.

28. PIVOT JOINT those with an extension rotate on a 2nd, arch shaped bone. Radius and ulna, atlas and axis.

29. GLIDING JOINTS – flat surfaces glide across each other. Vertebrae of spine.

30. SUTURE – immovable joint

31. JOINT FACTS The knee is the body’s largest joint The smallest joints link the three bones in the middle ear Most large, movable joints are lubricated by synovial fluid Muscles around the joint contract to produce movement.

32. Types of Motion FLEXION- the act of bending a limb or decreasing the angle between two bones

33. EXTENSION -act of increasing the angle between 2 bones which results in straightening motion

34. ABDUCTION- away from midline ADDUCTION– movement toward midline

35. CIRCUMDUCTION- circular movement at a joint

36. ROTATION-allows a bone to move around one central axis ex: pivot to say no

37. PRONATION- turning palm of hand downward

38. SUPINATION turning palm of hand upward or lying on back

39. Disorders of the Bones and Joints

40. FRACTURE – a break Treated by: CLOSED REDUCTION – cast or splint applied

41. OPEN REDUCTION – surgical intervention with devices such as wires, metal plates or screws to hold the bones in alignment (internal fixation)

42. TRACTION – pulling force used to hold the bones in place – used for fractures of long bones

43. CLOSED or SIMPLE fracture bone broken, broken ends do not break the skin

44. OPEN or COMPOUND – broken bones pierce the skin, can lead to infection

45. GREENSTICK – in children, bone bent and splintered but never completely separates

46. COMMINUTED – splintered or broken into many pieces SPIRAL – bone twists, resulting in one or more breaks

47. DISLOCATION – bone displaced from proper position in joint SPRAIN – sudden or unusual motion, ligaments torn but joint not dislocated

48. STRAIN – overstretching or tearing muscle RADIOGRAPHY – x-ray, for diagnosis evaluation of bones

49. Diseases of Bones BURSITIS – inflammation of a bursa – joint sacs

50. ARTHRITIS – inflammation of one or more joints(leads to pain swelling, and deformity – at least 20 different types)

51. RHEUMATOID ARTHRITIS – chronic, autoimmune disease – joints become swollen and painful, joint deformities common

52. OSTEOARTHRITIS – degenerative, occurs with aging, 80% Americans affected, joint becomes enlarged and painful. – bones become brittle due to lack of calcium absorption. Usually occurs after menopause

53. GOUT – increase of uric acid deposited in joint cavity, mostly the great toe in men..

54. RICKETS – found in children, caused by lack of Vitamin D, bones become soft. Treated with calcium, Vitamin D and sunshine.

55. HERNIATED DISC – intervertebral disc ruptures or protrudes, putting pressure on spinal nerve, usually lumbar-sacral region, treated with bedrest, traction and surgery

56. WHIPLASH – trauma to the cervical vertebra, usually from a car accident

57. Abnormal curvatures of the spine KYPHOSIS – hunchback

58. LORDOSIS – swayback

59. SCOLIOSIS – lateral curvature

60. OSTEOPOROSIS – 80% of those affected are women. Mineral density of bone is reduced 35% - 65%. The loss of bone mass leaves the bone thinner, porous and more prone to fracture. (On x-ray, looks like swiss cheese.) Prevented by dietary calcium.

61. OSTEOMYELITIS – bone infection

62. Diagnosis and Treatment: ARTHROSCOPY – examination into joint using arthroscope with fiber optic lens, most knee injuries treated with arthroscopy.

63. BONE MARROW ASPIRATION – removal of marrow sample with a needle for diagnostic purposes.

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