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2.  Cartilage = connective tissue that is strong and flexible  All newborns are made of cartilage  Cartilage hardens and fuses o Occurs 7 months before birth  25 years old  Provides cushion and motion at joints (where two bones meet)  Provides support and pliability (knee, ankle, and elbow)

4.  Living parts of bone o Blood vessels o Nerves o Blood o Bone marrow  Nonliving parts o Minerals

5. 1. Periosteum: membrane that covers the outer surface of all bones  Has bone forming cells and blood vessels 2. Compact Bone: hard dense bone tissue that lies beneath the outer membrane of a bone  Can heal itself if fractured 3. Spongy Bone: layer of bone tissue of many small spaces and found just inside the layer of compact bone  Gives strength and absorbs shock

6. 4. Marrow: the soft connective tissue that fills internal spaces in the bone  stem cells are made here 2 Types of Marrow 1. Yellow Marrow – fat and blood vessels 2. Red Marrow- creates red blood cells

7. Joints = a place in the body where two bones come together, allow bones to move in different ways  Keeps bones far apart so they do not rub against each other  Keeps bone in place

8. 1. Fixed Joints = allow no movement Ex: Cranium 2. Pivot Joints = movement of bone around another bone. Rotates Ex: Vertebrae and Cranium, Tibia and Fibula, Radius and Ulna 3. Ball and Socket Joints= circular movement of bones Ex: Shoulder, Femur and pelvis

9. 4. Hinge Joint = movement in a forward and backward direction. 1 way movement Ex: Elbow and Knee 5. Gliding Joint = movement as bones slide over each other Ex: Wrist

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11.  X-rays are a type of radiation called electromagnetic waves.  X-ray imaging creates pictures of the inside of your body.  Calcium in bones absorbs X-rays the most, so bones look white on the radiograph  Fat and other soft tissues absorb less, and look gray.  Air absorbs the least, so lungs look black.

13.  MRI works by making certain atoms (water molecules) in the body emit radio waves by using a powerful magnet  Good for looking at the brain and spinal cord as well as soft tissues such as muscles  No radiation is used

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16. Is it possible to sit absolutely still without moving a muscle? Explain your answer…

17. What are some examples of muscles in the human body? 1. Arms: Biceps, Trapezius, Pectoralis, deltoid, triceps 2. Legs: Quadriceps, Hamstrings, Gastrocnemius 3. Torso: abdominals, latissimus dorsi, intercostales,

19. 1. Involuntary muscle = a muscle that is not under conscious control Ex: heart beating, breathing, digesting food 2. Voluntary muscle = a muscle that is under conscious control Ex: smiling, getting up from your chair when the bell rings

20. Works with the skeletal and nervous system to: 1. support movement 2. maintain posture 3. circulate blood and other materials around the body

21.  Skeletal Muscles = attached to the bones of your skeleton and provide the force that move your bones.  Smooth Muscles= involuntary muscles that are found inside internal organs of the body  Cardiac Muscle = found only in your heart.

22. 1. Ligaments: in joints, hold bones together 2. Tendons: attach muscle to bone and can undergo tension

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24.  A break in a bone in the body

25.  an injury in which a broken bone pierces the skin, causing a risk of infection

26.  A strain is a stretching or tearing of muscle or tendon.  Symptoms include: pain, swelling. muscle spasms, and limited ability to move the affected muscle

27.  A sprain is an injury to a ligament caused by tearing of the fibers of the ligament.  The ligament can have a partial tear, or it can be completely torn apart.  Sprained ligaments often swell rapidly and are painful.

28.  A person with scoliosis has a sideways curve to their spine. The curve is often S-shaped or C-shaped.

29.  Kyphosis is characterized by an abnormally rounded upper back

30.  the spine of a person with lordosis curves significantly inward at the lower back.

31.  Muscular dystrophy is a group of diseases that cause progressive weakness and loss of muscle mass.  In muscular dystrophy, abnormal genes (mutations) interfere with the production of proteins needed to form healthy muscle.

32.  Bursitis is a painful condition that affects the small, fluid- filled sacs that cushion the bones, tendons and muscles near your joints.  The most common locations for bursitis are in the shoulder, elbow and hip  Bursitis often occurs near joints that perform frequent repetitive motion.

33.  Arthritis is inflammation of one or more joints, which results in pain, swelling, stiffness, and limited movement.  Arthritis involves the breakdown of cartilage, tendon, or ligaments  Causes 1. Being Overweight 2. Previous Injury to the joint 3. Repetitive action: athletes, ballet dancers

34.  A condition in which the body’s bones become weak and break easily due to mineral loss.  Most common in elderly women  Increased risk of bone fractures  Causes o Genetics o Gender o Smoking o Malnutrition o Lack of physical exercise

35.  Tendinitis is inflammation or irritation of a tendon  The condition causes pain and tenderness just outside a joint.  While tendinitis can occur in any of your body's tendons, it's most common around your shoulders, elbows, wrists, knees and heels.