1. © 2017 Cengage Learning. All Rights Reserved. May not be scanned, copied or duplicated, or posted to a publicly accessible website, in whole or in part. Chapter 6 Skeletal System

2. © 2017 Cengage Learning. All Rights Reserved. May not be scanned, copied or duplicated, or posted to a publicly accessible website, in whole or in part. Skeletal System Functions Support Protect Movement and anchorage Mineral storage Hematopoiesis

3. © 2017 Cengage Learning. All Rights Reserved. May not be scanned, copied or duplicated, or posted to a publicly accessible website, in whole or in part. Figure 6-1 Structure of a typical long bone: (A) Diaphysis, epiphysis, and medullary canal. (B) Compact bone surrounding yellow bone marrow in the medullary canal. (C) Spongy bone and compact bone in the epiphysis.

4. © 2017 Cengage Learning. All Rights Reserved. May not be scanned, copied or duplicated, or posted to a publicly accessible website, in whole or in part. Structure and Formation of Bone Osteocytes –Mature bone cell Organic material 35% (flexibility) –Collagen –Jellylike material Inorganic material 65% (hardness and durability)

5. © 2017 Cengage Learning. All Rights Reserved. May not be scanned, copied or duplicated, or posted to a publicly accessible website, in whole or in part. Long Bones (1 of 2) Shaft or diaphysis –Hollow cylinder of compact bone Each end is the epiphysis –Covered by articular cartilage In the center is the medullary canal –Yellow bone marrow –Endosteum (lining of the marrow canal) –Haversian canal: carries blood vessels that nourish bone cells

6. © 2017 Cengage Learning. All Rights Reserved. May not be scanned, copied or duplicated, or posted to a publicly accessible website, in whole or in part. Long Bones (2 of 2) Red marrow –Ends of long bones –Manufactures red blood cells and some white blood cells Periosteum –Covering on the outside of the bone –Necessary for bone growth, repair and nutrition

7. © 2017 Cengage Learning. All Rights Reserved. May not be scanned, copied or duplicated, or posted to a publicly accessible website, in whole or in part. Growth (1 of 2) Grow in length Ossify from the center outward Osteoblasts –Deposit new bone Osteoclasts –Large cells that secrete enzymes that break down bone

8. © 2017 Cengage Learning. All Rights Reserved. May not be scanned, copied or duplicated, or posted to a publicly accessible website, in whole or in part. Growth (2 of 2) Growth stops when all the epiphyseal cartilage (also known as the growth plate) is ossified Females grow until about 18 years of age Males grow until about 20–21 years of age

9. © 2017 Cengage Learning. All Rights Reserved. May not be scanned, copied or duplicated, or posted to a publicly accessible website, in whole or in part. Bone Types Long bones Flat bones Irregular bones Short bones

10. © 2017 Cengage Learning. All Rights Reserved. May not be scanned, copied or duplicated, or posted to a publicly accessible website, in whole or in part. Skeletal System Axial skeleton –Skull, spinal column, ribs, sternum, and hyoid bone Appendicular skeleton –Upper and lower extremities

11. © 2017 Cengage Learning. All Rights Reserved. May not be scanned, copied or duplicated, or posted to a publicly accessible website, in whole or in part. Axial Skeleton 22 bones of the skull 14 facial bones Spinal column (vertebra) –Cervical 7 vertebrae –Thoracic 12 vertebrae –Lumbar 5 vertebrae –Sacrum 5 fused bones –Coccyx 4 fused bones Ribs (12) and sternum

12. © 2017 Cengage Learning. All Rights Reserved. May not be scanned, copied or duplicated, or posted to a publicly accessible website, in whole or in part. Figure 6-4 Bones and sutures of the skull and facial bones

13. © 2017 Cengage Learning. All Rights Reserved. May not be scanned, copied or duplicated, or posted to a publicly accessible website, in whole or in part. Figure 6-5 (A) Anterior view of the vertebral column. (B) Lateral view of the vertebral column.

14. © 2017 Cengage Learning. All Rights Reserved. May not be scanned, copied or duplicated, or posted to a publicly accessible website, in whole or in part. Figure 6-7 A typical vertebra

15. © 2017 Cengage Learning. All Rights Reserved. May not be scanned, copied or duplicated, or posted to a publicly accessible website, in whole or in part. Appendicular Skeleton - Upper Extremities Shoulder girdle –2 clavicles and 2 scapulae Arm –Humerus, radius, ulna Hand –Carpals, metacarpals and phalanges (fingers)

16. © 2017 Cengage Learning. All Rights Reserved. May not be scanned, copied or duplicated, or posted to a publicly accessible website, in whole or in part. Figure 6-9 Radius and ulna

17. © 2017 Cengage Learning. All Rights Reserved. May not be scanned, copied or duplicated, or posted to a publicly accessible website, in whole or in part. Appendicular Skeleton - Lower Extremities Pelvic girdle –Ilium, ischium and pubis Upper leg –Femur Lower leg –Tibia, fibula and patella Ankle –7 tarsal bones Foot –Metatarsal and phalanges (toes)

18. © 2017 Cengage Learning. All Rights Reserved. May not be scanned, copied or duplicated, or posted to a publicly accessible website, in whole or in part. 6-15 Dorsal view of the foot

19. © 2017 Cengage Learning. All Rights Reserved. May not be scanned, copied or duplicated, or posted to a publicly accessible website, in whole or in part. Joints Called articulations –Points of contact between two bones Diarthroses (movable) joint Amphiarthroses (partially movable) joints Synarthroses (immovable) joints

20. © 2017 Cengage Learning. All Rights Reserved. May not be scanned, copied or duplicated, or posted to a publicly accessible website, in whole or in part. Figure 6-16 Types of joints: (A) a synarthrosis, an immovable fibrous joint (cranial bones); (B) an amphiarthrosis, a slightly movable cartilaginous joint (ribs or vertebra); (C–F) diarthroses, freely movable hinge or ball-and-socket joints

21. © 2017 Cengage Learning. All Rights Reserved. May not be scanned, copied or duplicated, or posted to a publicly accessible website, in whole or in part. Joints Articular cartilage Articular capsule –Synovial membrane (lining) –Synovial fluid –Synovial cavity (area between 2 articular cartilages) Bursa sacs –Closed sacs with a synovial lining

22. © 2017 Cengage Learning. All Rights Reserved. May not be scanned, copied or duplicated, or posted to a publicly accessible website, in whole or in part. Diarthroses Joints Movable joints Ball-and-socket joints –Shoulder, hip Hinge joints –Knees, elbows, fingers Pivot joints –Radius and ulna Gliding joints –vertebrae

23. © 2017 Cengage Learning. All Rights Reserved. May not be scanned, copied or duplicated, or posted to a publicly accessible website, in whole or in part. Amphiarthroses Joints Partially movable joints Cartilage between their articular surfaces Examples: –Ribs to the spine –Symphysis pubis

24. © 2017 Cengage Learning. All Rights Reserved. May not be scanned, copied or duplicated, or posted to a publicly accessible website, in whole or in part. Synarthroses Joints Immovable joints Connected by tough, fibrous connective tissue Example: –Adult cranium Cranial joints are called sutures

25. © 2017 Cengage Learning. All Rights Reserved. May not be scanned, copied or duplicated, or posted to a publicly accessible website, in whole or in part. Types of Motion Flexion –Decreasing the angle between 2 bones Extension –Increasing the angle between 2 bones Abduction –Away from the midline Adduction –Towards the midline Circumduction

26. © 2017 Cengage Learning. All Rights Reserved. May not be scanned, copied or duplicated, or posted to a publicly accessible website, in whole or in part. 6-18 Joint movements

27. © 2017 Cengage Learning. All Rights Reserved. May not be scanned, copied or duplicated, or posted to a publicly accessible website, in whole or in part. Types of Motion Rotation –Movement around a central axis Pronation –Palm down and back Supination –Palm up and forward

28. © 2017 Cengage Learning. All Rights Reserved. May not be scanned, copied or duplicated, or posted to a publicly accessible website, in whole or in part. Disorders of the Bones and Joints Fracture (same as a “break”) –Greenstick –Closed/simple –Open/compound –Comminuted

29. © 2017 Cengage Learning. All Rights Reserved. May not be scanned, copied or duplicated, or posted to a publicly accessible website, in whole or in part. Figure 6-19 Types of bone fractures: (A) greenstick, (B) closed, (C) open, (D) comminuted

30. © 2017 Cengage Learning. All Rights Reserved. May not be scanned, copied or duplicated, or posted to a publicly accessible website, in whole or in part. Repairing Fractures Closed reduction Open reduction Traction

31. © 2017 Cengage Learning. All Rights Reserved. May not be scanned, copied or duplicated, or posted to a publicly accessible website, in whole or in part. Aging of the Bones and Joints (1 of 2) Bone mass and density decline External surfaces of the bones thicken Intervertebral cartilage disks shrink Center of balance is altered

32. © 2017 Cengage Learning. All Rights Reserved. May not be scanned, copied or duplicated, or posted to a publicly accessible website, in whole or in part. Aging of the Bones and Joints (2 of 2) Joints less mobile Increased rigidity and decreased flexibility Fear of falling

33. © 2017 Cengage Learning. All Rights Reserved. May not be scanned, copied or duplicated, or posted to a publicly accessible website, in whole or in part. Other Bone and Joint Injuries Whiplash –Neck (cervical) injury from car accident or fall Dislocation –Displacement of a bone from its proper position Sprain –Ligament injury with pain and swelling Hammer toe –Curled toe due to a bend in the middle phalanx from abnormal pressure on the toe RICE Treatment –Rest, ice compression, elevation

34. © 2017 Cengage Learning. All Rights Reserved. May not be scanned, copied or duplicated, or posted to a publicly accessible website, in whole or in part. Diseases of the Bones Arthritis –Rheumatoid arthritis –Osteoarthritis Gout –Due to high levels of uric acid in the blood –Usually affects the great toe –Painful swollen red joint Rickets –Lack of vitamin D in children

35. © 2017 Cengage Learning. All Rights Reserved. May not be scanned, copied or duplicated, or posted to a publicly accessible website, in whole or in part. Abnormal Curvatures of the Spine Kyphosis (hunchback) Lordosis (swayback) Scoliosis (side-to-side or lateral curvature of the spine)

36. © 2017 Cengage Learning. All Rights Reserved. May not be scanned, copied or duplicated, or posted to a publicly accessible website, in whole or in part. Other Disorders Osteoporosis –Low bone mass with structural deterioration of the bone Osteomyelitis –Infection in the bone Osteosarcoma –Cancer of the bone