1. The Maritime Revolution, to 1550
Chapter 15
AP WORLD HISTORY

2. Focus Questions
What were the objectives and major accomplishments of the voyages of exploration undertaken by Chinese, Polynesians, and other non-Western peoples?
In this era of long-distance exploration, did Europeans have any special advantages over other cultural regions?
What explains the different nature of Europe’s interactions with Africa, India, and the Americas?

3. Global Maritime Expansion

4. The Pacific Ocean
Polynesians colonized Pacific islands (100 BCE – 800 BCE)
For centuries they traveled to nearby islands (Melanesia, Fiji, Tonga)
Developed a 120 foot long canoe to travel farther
Colonized:
Marquesas
Hawaii
Easter Island
New Zealand
South America
Access to sweet potato (domesticated in S. America)
Polynesian settlement of the Pacific islands was planned

5. The Indian Ocean
Malayo-Indonesians sailed westward to colonize Madagascar (SE Coast of Africa)
The rise of Islam increased trade throughout the Indian Ocean
By 1400 there were Muslim trading centers all around the Indian Ocean
In 1368 the Ming Dynasty overthrew the Mongols and China started to become a dominant power again
Ming sent imperial fleets out between to expand China’s trade
Admiral Zheng He ( ) was a Chinese Muslim who led the expeditions
The ships had many goods including rich silks and precious metals
Carried gifts back to the Chinese emperor
Form of diplomacy

6. The Atlantic Ocean
Vikings conquered European coastal settlements of the Atlantic Ocean in the Middle Ages
First settled in Iceland in 770 and established a colony in Greenland in 982
Leif Ericsson established a colony called Vinland on Newfoundland in 1001
Genoese and Portuguese voyagers settled in Madeira, the Azores, and the Canaries in the 14th century (1300s)

7. The Atlantic Ocean
Mansa KanKan Musa, ruler of the Mali kingdom passed through Egypt on his way to Mecca in 1324
In the Americas, Amerindian voyagers settled in the West Indies
In 1000, Arawaks (Tainos) traveled to the Lesser Antilles Islands (Barbados, Martinique, and Guadeloupe) and the Greater Antilles Islands (Cuba, Jamaica, Hispaniola, and Puerto Rico)
The Caribs traveled the same lands in the late 15th century and took over Arawak settlements

8. European Expansion,

9. Motives For Exploration
Voyages had four main goals:
Revival of urban life and trade
Alliance between merchants and rulers in Europe
Struggle with Islamic powers for the Mediterranean and dominant religion
Curiosity about the outside world
By 1450 N. Italy established trade links to N. Europe, the Indian Ocean, and the Black Sea
The struggle between Muslims and Christians was also influenced by control over trade routes/land
Isabella and Ferdinand and the creation of Spain

10. Portuguese Voyages Henry the Navigator (Prince Henry) [1394-1460]
Portuguese conquered the rich city of Ceuta in Morocco
Henry the Navigator (Prince Henry) [ ]
Sagres – center of navigation research
Improvement of instruments; magnetic compass, astrolabe
Caravel
Found safer ocean routes back to their home
Increase in African slave trade along the Gold Coast
Bartolomeu Dias
Vasco da Gama

11. Christopher Columbus (1451-1506) led 4 voyages between 1492 and 1504
Believed that there was a shorter, western path to Asia
King and Queen of Spain sponsored him
Nina, Pinta, Santa Maria
Amerigo Vespucci  “America”
Treaty of Tordesillas
Ferdinand Magellan (ca )
First to circumnavigate the globe
Spanish Voyages

12. Encounters with Europe, 1450-1550

13. Western Africa Portuguese first visit Gold Coast in 1471
Around 1482, an African King, Caramansa, made a ceremony in response to the Portuguese’s impressive ceremony
Both groups made a mutual agreement for trade and cooperation
King Caramansa gave an ultimatum to the Portuguese
Benin in the Niger Delta
Kongo near the Congo River
Slave trade increases and has a greater impact on Western Coast of Africa

14. Portuguese and various African kingdoms had a complex relationship
Eastern Africa
Eastern African ruler, Malindi allied with the Portuguese for help with access to India
Ethiopia and Portugal allied under common Christian beliefs
Ethiopia was weakened by attacks from the Ottoman Turks
Queen Helena of Ethiopia proposed the alliance but died in 1522 before it solidified
Another ruler helped make the alliance official
Portuguese and various African kingdoms had a complex relationship

15. Indian Ocean States
The Portuguese wanted complete control of the Indian Ocean’s trade routes
Gujarat, Malabar Coast, Calicut, and Hormuz were ports that the Portuguese pillaged and conquered
City of Malacca
Entrepot
Established port city of Macao in 1557 in China
The Mughals and Ottomans were suspicious of the Portuguese and resisted
Portuguese failed to control the Indian Ocean and went on to brutally colonize Brazil

16. The Americas No new technology
Susceptible to disease (smallpox after 1518)
The Natives were isolated were negatively affected by Spanish and Portuguese colonization
Were skilled at working with gold
Contact with Christopher Columbus and his settlers brought distruction
The Arawak cultivated corn, cassava, sweet potatoes, hot peppers, cotton and tobacco
Conquistadors

17. The Americas
The Maya, Aztec, and Inca were powerful native empires that experienced difficult encounters with European settlers
Moctezuma (r ) II
Hernan Cortes ( )
Atahualpa (r )
Francisco Pizarro ( )