1. Power Presentations CHAPTER 13

2. Back to Transparencies Visual Summary TRAILS WEST Mountain men and traders opened trails in the Far West. Pioneers then went west to gain land, wealth, or religious freedom. THE TEXAS REVOLUTION Americans moved into the Mexican territory of Texas. Conflicts led those Americans to revolt, and Texas gained independence. THE WAR WITH MEXICO President Polk wanted to expand the nation. He negotiated to gain Oregon. The United States fought Mexico to gain much of the Southwest. THE CALIFORNIA GOLD RUSH The discovery of gold lured thousands of people to California. California’s economy and population grew, resulting in statehood. UNITED STATES in 1810 UNITED STATES in 1853

3. Main Idea Why It Matters Now This migration brought Americans to the territories that became New Mexico, Oregon, and Utah. Thousands of settlers followed trails through the West to gain land and a chance to make a fortune. Map

4. What were characteristics of each trail west? TRAILS WEST Mormon Trail: followed Oregon Trail to Utah; taken by Mormons Oregon Trail: from Missouri to Oregon Territory; people went for land Santa Fe Trail: from Missouri to Santa Fe, New Mexico; attracted many traders

5. How did the mountain men open up the West for later settlement? What are two examples of pioneer groups who used cooperation to overcome hardship? What were the different motives that drew people west?

6. 1)Mountain men had knowledge of trails and passes in the western lands. 2)Travelers on the Oregon Trail ; the Mormons 3)To get rich; to get farm land; to trade; to avoid religions persecution; to start a new life

7. Power Presentations CHAPTER 13

8. Main Idea Why It Matters Now American and Tejano citizens led Texas to independence from Mexico. The diverse culture of Texas has developed from the contributions of many different groups.

9. TEJAS was a Spanish controlled land that bordered the United States territory

10. Spain tried to encourage people to move to Texas by giving them huge tracts of land

11. By 1830 the Americans outnumbered the Tejanos 6 to 1 Total population was around 30,000 people now

12. SANTA ANNA was the President of Mexico at the time Santa Anna – President of Mexico

13. When war breaks out in Texas in 1836 - SAM HOUSTON is placed in charge of the Texas army Sam Houston

14. Mexican soldiers trapped the Texans in an old mission called the Alamo

15. The battles of the Alamo and Goliad made the Texans upset and many signed up to fight Mexico

16. The LONE STAR REPUBLIC officially became an independent nation in 1836

17. TEXAS INDEPENDENCE MEETING

18. Some Northerners were worried that if Texas became a state it would shift the power of balance to slave states

19. Texas was independent for 10 years before becoming part of the United States in 1845

20. What events led to Texas’s independence? In what order did they occur? TEXAN INDEPENDENCE Changes in Mexican policy toward Americans Imprisonment of Austin Image Battle at Gonzales, Battle of the Alamo, or Battle of San Jacinto

21. 1) Why did Americans want to move to Texas? 2) How did the Mexican government respond to the Texas rebellion? 3) Why did Congress refuse to annex Texas? Definition of Annex: To incorporate (territory) into an existing political unit such as a country, state, county, or city.

22. 1) Land was available for farming and ranching! 2) They sent troops to Texas and finally signed a treaty giving Texas freedom. 3)There were questions about slavery and fears of war with Mexico.

23. Power Presentations CHAPTER 13

24. Main Idea Why It Matters Now Today, one-third of all Americans live in the areas added to the United States in 1848. The United States expanded its territory westward to stretch from the Atlantic to Pacific coast. Map

25. JAMES POLK said if elected he would expand the U.S. into Oregon and Texas He was elected in 1844 and became our 11 th President

26. MANIFEST DESTINY - the belief that someday the United States would stretch from the Atlantic Ocean to the Pacific Ocean

27. MANIFEST DESTINY…………. CLICK HERE FOR ANIMATED MAP OF WESTERN EXPANSION

28. Mexico in 1845 still disputes that Texas is part of their country and not the United States

29. Mexico and the United States also are in dispute over the southern border of Texas - Texas says Rio Grande River, Mexico says Nueces River

31. The U.S. offers to buy Texas, California and New Mexico for $25 million Mexico says no thanks

32. ZACHARY TAYLOR - commands troops along the Rio Grande River Is involved in the first battle of the Mexican War

33. The Mexican War started with a battle near the Rio Grande River President Polk states that Mexico has invaded the United States

35. Americans in California declared themselves independent of Mexico and created THE BEAR FLAG REPUBLIC (California)

37. TREATY OF GUADALUPE HIDALGO is the treaty that ends the war with Mexico

38. MEXICAN CESSION - the area given up by Mexico to the U.S. after the war - includes present day states of California, Nevada, Utah, Arizona, New Mexico, Colorado, Wyoming

40. What key events occurred between 1846 and 1848 in the War with Mexico? Attack at the Rio Grande Fall of New Mexico Bear Flag Revolt Battle of Buena Vista Battle of Veracruz Battle of Chapultepec 18461848

41. 1)How did the acquisitions of Oregon and the Mexican Cession relate to the idea of manifest destiny? 2)Why were some people opposed to the War with Mexico? 3) What does the phrase “sea to shining sea” mean?

42. 1)The lands were views as a part of the future lands of the United States. 2) Some questioned the truthfulness of the president, others disliked war, and still others were concerned about slavery in Texas. 3) The occupation of land from the Atlantic Ocean to the Pacific Ocean

43. Power Presentations CHAPTER 13

44. Main Idea Why It Matters Now Gold was found in California, and thousands rushed to that territory. California quickly became a state. The gold rush made California grow rapidly and helped bring about California’s cultural diversity.

45. 49’er - someone who went to California to look for gold, starting in 1849

46. JOHN SUTTER

47. CALIFORNIA GOLD RUSH - large numbers of people who go to California to look for gold

48. ROUTES TO THE GOLD FIELDS: 1. Sail 18,000 miles around South America and up the Pacific Coast - many storms, seasickness, spoiled food

49. ROUTES TO THE GOLD FIELDS: 2. Sail to Panama and cross over the isthmus overland and then sail to California - chance of sickness and disease

50. ROUTES TO THE GOLD FIELDS OF CALIFORNIA

51. ROUTES TO THE GOLD FIELDS: 3. Travel across North America on trails - difficult travel, hardships of the trail

52. Most people in the gold rush did not find gold, most eventually give up

53. Mining was tough - supplies were very expensive, gamblers and thieves were everywhere

54. 2/3 of miners came from America but also included men from all over the world - Mexico, Europe, South America, Australia, China

55. CHINESE INFLUENCE IN THE CALIFORNIA GOLD RUSH

56. 250,000 people came to California in the gold rush by 1852 San Francisco’s population grew from 400 in 1845 to 35,000 in 1850

57. California officially became a state in 1850

58. California enters as a free state California entering the union as a free state creates an advantage in Congress for the free states

59. What hardships did the forty-niners face both in the camps and while mining? Image IN THE CAMPSWHILE MINING HARDSHIPS poor food disease cold streams accidents swindlers and crooks exhaustion

60. 1) How did the California gold rush get started? 2) Why didn’t many forty-niners become rich? 3) How did California’s statehood affect the nation?

61. 1) The gold rush was discovered at Sutter’s Mill. 2) Mining was difficult; prices for basic supplies were high; there was a lot of disease 3) As a free state, it upset the balance of slave to free states.

62. Back to Transparencies Critical Thinking: Cause and Effect

63. 1 What were three reasons why people moved west? 2 What were the three main trails that led to the West? 3 How did the Mormons make the land in Utah productive? 4 Why were Texans unhappy with Mexican rule? 5 Why were the battles of the Alamo and San Jacinto important to the Texas Revolution?

64. 6 What areas did the United States gain as a result of Americans’ belief in manifest destiny? 7 How is the Bear Flag Revolt related to the War with Mexico? 8 What lands did the United States acquire as a result of the Treaty of Guadalupe Hidalgo? 9 Who were four groups of people who became forty-niners? 10 What were three ways California changed because of the gold rush?

65. Back to Home Types of people who traveled there NEW MEXICO UTAH OREGON TEXAS CALIFORNIA Why they went there Key events that brought the territory into the United States Categorizing farmers and traders Mormons farmers and traders farmers and ranchers miners and traders land or profit religious freedom land or profit land land or profit War with Mexico agreement with Britain Texas Revolution War with Mexico

66. Back to Transparencies Geography: The Battle of the Alamo, 1836