1. Name of Seminar Session: S4 - Water and Health-Managing Water Quality. ASSESSMENT OF GROUND WATER QUALITY OF INDIA, RELEVANCE TO CHALLENGES OF WATER SUPPLY. DR ANIL YADAV, STA-CHEM., A K MADHUKAR,SUPTD. GEOPHYSICIST, G C PATI, MEMBER(TT&WQ), CENTRAL GROUND WATER BOARD, MINISTRY OF WATER RESOURCES, BHUJAL BHAWAN, NH-IV, FARIDABAD-121001, yadavanilyadav1@gmail.com, +919416102419 (m).

2. 1. Introduction  India is one of the oldest civilizations in the world with a kaleidoscopic variety and rich cultural heritage. It covers an area of 32,87,263 sq. km (1,269,346 sq mi), extending from the snow-covered Himalayan heights to the tropical rain forests of the south.  Terrain- the mainland comprises of four regions, namely the great mountain zone, plains of the Ganga and the Indus, the desert region, and the southern peninsula.  The net ground water availability in Faridabad is 398.16S (BCM). The population of India is 1,210,193,422, with density of 386.2 /km 2 (Census 2011).  Central Ground Water Board carried out water quality studies in eighty eight industrial clusters identified as polluted by Central Pollution Control Board (Table-I).  In eighty eight industrial pollution clusters studies, one thousand eight hundred seventy eight samples of basic analysis and one thousand two hundred thirty eight of Heavy Metals/ Trace Metals were taken for assessment of Ground Water quality of India.

3. 2.Study area State No. of Industrial Clusters Location with Blocks Table-I Andhra Pradesh5Vishakhapatnam, Patancheru – Bollaram, Vijaywada, Katedan, Kukatpalli Balanagr. Assam2Burnihat,Digboi. Bihar2Singhbhum West, Hajipur. Chhattisgarh3Korba, Raipur, Bhillai –Durg. Delhi1Nazafgarh drain basin. Gujarat9Ankleshwar, Vapi, Ahmadabad, Junagarh, Bhavnagar, Vatva, Vadodara, Rajkot, Surat. Haryana2Faridabad, Panipat. Himachal Pradesh 3Baddi, Kala Amb, Parwanoo. Jharkhand5Dhanbad, Jamshedpur, Saraikela, Ramgarh, Bada Jamtara. Karnataka5Mangalore, Bhadravati, Raichur, Bidar, Pinia. Kerala1Cochin - Greater Madhya Pradesh5Indore, Dewas, Nagda-Ratlam, Pitampur, Gwalior. Maharashtra8Chandrapur, Dhombivalli, Aurangabad, Navi Mumbai, Tarapur, Nashik, Chembur, Pimpari-Chinchwad. Orissa4Angul Talcher, Ib Valley, Jharsuguda, Paradeep. Punjab4Ludhiana, Mandi Gobind Garh, Batala, Jalandhar. Rajasthan4Bhiwadi, Jodhpur, Pali, Jaipur. Tamilnadu7Vellore, Cuddalore, Manali, Coimbatore, Tirupur, Mettur, Erode. Uttar Pradesh12Ghaziabad, Noida, Kanpur, Agra, Varanasi-Mirzapur, Moradabad, Aligarh, Ferozabad, Mathura, Meerut, Bulandshahr-Khurza, Singrauli. Uttrakhand2Haridwar, Udhamsingh Nagar. West Bengal4Haldia, Howrah, Asansol, Durgapur.

4. 3. MATERIALS AND METHOD  The Chemical used in water analysis is certified chemicals & Glasswares and methods are “Standard Methods for the Analysis of Water & Wastewater- (American Public Health Associatation-APHA), 22 nd edition, 2012”.  The Bureau of Indian Standard (BIS) Methods for Testing Water and Wastewater-methods of sampling and testing (physical and chemical) (IS:3025) are also taken in consideration / used.  The standards taken for Studies is Indian Standard Drinking Water –Specification, (Second Edition),ICS 13.060.20, IS 10500:2012 notified by Bureau of Indian Standard (BIS),Manak Bhavan,9 Bahadur Shah Zafar Marg,New Delhi- 110002.

5. 4. RESULTS AND DISCUSSION Physico-Chemical Parameters (Basic and Heavy / Trace Metal)  Analysis is done for Heavy/ Trace metals & major anions (CO 3, HCO 3, Cl, SO 4, NO 3 ) and cations (Ca, Mg, Na, K) in addition to pH, EC,TDS, F, TH as CaCO 3 etc.  Statistical summary of measured parameters Basic Analysis & Heavy/ Trace metal, compared to Indian standards for drinking water (IS- 10500, 2012) is depicted in Table II.  Constituents which were reported beyond permissible limits show very high variation in terms of concentration. Contamination in ground water was reported from nearly 90% of the clusters.

6. Statistical summary of measured parameters Table-II Parameters Minimum Value Maximum Value (Acceptable limit) Permissible limit in the absence of alternate source pH4.95126.5-8.58.5-9.2 EC (µS cm -1 )3262630-- TDS20.821635002000 HCO 3 - 4.92184-- CO3 -2 3156-- Cl - 1.8251342501000 Ca 2+ 2146275200 Mg 2+ 1143530100 Total Hardness68000200600 Na + 1.916040-- K+K+ O.32580-- NO 3 - 1137145No relaxation F-F- 0.113.51.01.5 SO 4 2- 112240200400 Fe0.119.850.3No relaxation

7. a. Basic Analysis  pH of the analysed samples varies from 4.5 to 12 indicating slightly acidic to alkaline nature of the ground water.  Electrical Conductivity (varies from 32 to 62630 µS/cm showing high EC in a few pockets) presence of high salinity at few pockets may be due to geogenic causes.  Bicarbonate varies from 4.9 to 2184 mg/l. The bicarbonates are derived mainly from the soil zone CO 2 and at the time of weathering of parent minerals in addition to anthropogenic contamination.  Chloride varies from 1.8 to 25134 mg/l. Chloride is present in lower concentrations in common rock types. It is assumed that bulk of the chloride in ground water is primarily either from atmospheric source, sea water contamination or from anthropogenic sources.

8. Classification of Water based on Total dissolved solids TDS (mg/l)Water Quality% Samples 0 – 1,000Fresh Water67.09 1,000 – 10,000Brackish Water31.94 10,000 – 100,000Saline Water0.958 >100,000BrineNIL  Electrical Conductivity (varies from 32 to 62630 µ S/cm showing high EC in a few pockets) presence of high salinity at few pockets may be due to geogenic causes.  The quality of ground water is brackish to saline. In the deeper depth EC values of ground water is still higher.  High TDS in ground water at shallow and deep levels in the localized patches may be attributed to non-flushing of entrapped water surrounded by clays which are found in the area.

9. Classification of Water based on Hardn Classification of Water based on Hardness Hardness (mg/l)Water Class% Sample 0-75Soft12.9 75-150Moderately hard10.5 150-300Hard29.2 >300Very hard47.1  The hardness is due to sum of the polyvalent metallic ions in water. Principal cations imparting hardness are calcium and magnesium. Beverage, soft drink, mineral /demineralising water plant, desalination plant etc are main contributor in hardness to ground water, the total hardness varies from 6 to 8000 mg/l.  Sulphate varies from 1 to 12240 mg/l. The sulphate is usually derived from the oxidative weathering of sulphide bearing minerals like pyrite, gypsum or anhydrite. Apart from these natural sources, sulphate may be introduced through the application of sulphatic soil conditioners and fertilizers.

10. b. Heavy Metal Heavy metals are natural components of the earth's crust. They cannot be degraded or destroyed. To a small extent they enter our bodies via food, drinking water and air, Iron varies from 1 to 19.85 mg/l. Heavy metals can enter a water supply by industrial and consumer waste, or even from acidic rain breaking down soils and releasing heavy metals into streams, lakes, rivers, and groundwater.  Nitrate varies from 1 to 1371 mg/l. The chief sources of the nitrate are atmosphere sources, legumes, plant, debris, animal waste, excrement besides anthropogenic activities including fertilizers, sewage waste, dumped material, industrial waste etc.  Fluoride varies from 0.1 to 13.5 mg/l. Fluoride occurs as fluorspar (fluorite), rock phosphate, triphite, phosphorite minerals etc in nature. Among the factors, which control the concentration of fluoride includes climate of the area and the presence of accessory minerals in the rock mineral assemblage through which the groundwater is circulating. In anthropogenic activities waste of tooth paste industries, leaching from dumped, paint & pigment industries, etc.

11. 5. CONCLUSION  Contamination in ground water was reported from nearly 90% of the clusters. Contamination wherever reported were mostly found in phreatic aquifers. Presence of other basic elements in excess of permissible limit like salinity may be due to geogenic causes.  Constituents which were reported beyond permissible limits show very high variation in terms of their concentration. Electrical Conductivity, Chloride, Total Hardness, Sulphate, Fluoride & Nitrate are the parameters, which were reported beyond permissible limits.  The occurrence of Nitrate beyond permissible limit in most of the industrial clusters is generally man made problem associated with sanitation system (want of proper sewerage system).  Since the clusters included various types of industries, it was not possible to relate specific types of constituents to specific types of industries.  The basic parameters are more than permissible limit in the ground water of the area as a result of both geogenic occureses and contamination due to industrial waste tec.  The presence of Iron is generally Geogenic but its occurrence in industrial clusters may be because of anthropogenic pollution.

12. 6. RECOMENDATIONS  Detailed studies for identification of source of pollution need to be taken up.  The industrial effluents and municipal sewage causing ground water pollution should be treated before discharge.  In order to reduce the contamination in ground water, the rain water harvesting should be encouraged and regulation is required in utilization of ground water by way of legislation, conjunctive use of surface water and ground water.  Areas suitable for artificial recharge through roof top rain water harvesting may be identified and demarcated on the basis of unsaturated aquifer thickness.  Roof top rainwater harvesting for factories, institutional buildings, housing complexes be made mandatory to augment ground water recharge and if required this may be included in building laws. This will not only increase the availability of ground water but will also dilute the pollutants. However it must be ensured that the recharge water itself does not carry any pollutants.

13. RECOMENDATIONS  Public awareness program should be arranged to make the people and industry aware about the menace of ground water pollution and dwindling ground water resources in the towns.  To check the pollution in the industrial clusters, it is imperative to ensure that the effluents from the industries are properly treated confirming to the standards; else, zero discharge norms may be adopted.  Polluters pay principle may be adopted and stringent measures may be taken against the industries violating the discharge norms.  A fool proof mechanism may be brought in place to avoid any pilfer age.

14. 7. ACKNOWLEDGEMENT The authors are Thankful to the Shri K B Biswas, Chairman, Central Ground Water Board for giving the opportunity to publish this paper. The authors thankfully acknowledge the efforts by the officers of different Regions in generating the data.

15. 8. REFRENCES 1. B.K. Handa, “Hydro Chemical Zones of India, Proc” 1997. 2. D.K. Todd, Groundwater Hydrology. John Wiley and sons Inc. Newyork, 1976. 3. Eighty Eight Pollution Clusters studies done by Central Ground Water Board notified by Central Pollution Control Board. 4. Ground Water Quality of shallow aquifers in North Eastern Regions, CGWB, NER, Guwhati, 2009. 5. Ground Water Quality in shallow aquifer of India, CGWB, Faridabad, 2010. 6. Ground Water Quality of NCT-Delhi, CGWB, 2012. 7. Guidelines for Drinking Water Quality, Fourth Edition, ISBN: 9789241548151 World Health Organisation, WHO 2011, Switzerland. 8. Hem, J.D., “Study and Interpretation of Chemical Characteristics of Natural Waters”, 3 rd edtion, Book 2254, (1991) U.S. Geological Survey, 604 South Pickett St. Alexandria, VA 22304, USA. 9. Indian Standard Drinking Water –Specification, (Second Edition),ICS 13.060.20, IS 10500:2012, Bureau of Indian Standard (BIS),Manak Bhavan,9 Bahadur Shah Zafar Marg,New Delhi-110002. 10. K.R. Karant, “Groundwater Assessment, Development and Management. New Delhi, India:” Tata Mcgraw-Hill Publishing Company Limited, 1997. 11. Report on Chemical Quality studies in Guwahati Urban Agglomerate, CGWB, NER, Guwahati, 2012. 12. Status Report on Ground Water Quality of National Capital Region (NCR), Central Ground Water Board, Faridabad, December, 2015. 13. “Standard Methods for the Analysis of Water & Wastewater- (American Public Health Associatation -APHA), 22nd edition, 2012” 14. The Bureau of Indian Standard (BIS) Methods for Testing Water and Wastewater-methods of sampling and testing (physical and chemical) (IS: 3025).

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