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The Recovery and Growth of European Society in the High Middle Ages Chapter 9
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Land and People in the High Middle Ages Population Growth Increased security and agricultural production The New Agriculture Improved climate and more arable land Technological changes Carruca (heavy, wheeled plow) New horse collar Power of water and air harnessed The Three Field-System Growing demand and higher food prices Rents and free peasants
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The Life of the Peasantry The Importance of the Seasons Holidays and the Village Church The Peasant Household Simple dwellings with little privacy Family and the Role of Women The Peasant Diet Simple but nutritious Ale and the consumption of alcohol
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The Aristocracy of the High Middle Ages The Significance of the Aristocracy Kings, dukes, counts, barons, viscounts, bishops, and archbishops A common caste with extensive lands and power The Men of War Defenders of society Castles Aristocratic Women The strength of medieval queens
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The Aristocracy of the High Middle Ages The Way of the Warrior Knights and knighthood Chivalry = code of ethics for nobility The Role of Tournaments An alternative to perpetual fighting From melee to joust Church condemnation Marriage Patterns of the Aristocracy Establishing alliances Age discrepancies
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The New World of Trade and Cities The Revival of Trade Italian cities Ties with the Byzantine Empire Flanders Wool trade Fairs of Champagne Emergence of money economy
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The Growth of Cities The Role of the Revival of Trade Founding of New Cities and Towns Dependency on surrounding lands The Rights of Townspeople Charters of liberties and communes City Governments Narrow definitions of citizenship City councillors and regulations Small cities laid foundations for urban society
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Life in the Medieval City Life in the Medieval City The physical features Surrounded by stone walls The high value of urban space The danger of fire Residents: artisans and merchants Unpleasant environment Dirty and rife with pollution Public baths and standards of hygiene Women in Medieval Cities Roles for wives, single women, and widows
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Industry in the Medieval Cities Cities as Manufacturing Centers Guilds Organizations for groups of craftspeople and merchants Regulated the processes of production and membership Apprentices Journeymen Masters The “Putting-Out” System Domestic labor and wages
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The Intellectual and Artistic World of the High Middle Ages The Rise of Universities The Origins of Universities Educational Guilds Education and the clergy Early universities and charters: Bologna – law (c. 1158); University of Paris (c. 1200); Oxford and Cambridge (1208 - 1209) Teaching in the Medieval University The trivium, quadrivium, degrees, and careers Students in the Medieval University Places of violence, socialization, and training
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A Revival of Classical Antiquity Renewed Interest in the Work of Greeks and Romans Greek science and philosophy The Role of the Islamic world Translations Commentaries Ibn-Rushd (1126 – 1198) Maimonides (1135 – 1204) Guide for the Perplexed
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Scholasticism and Law Theology as “Queen of the Sciences” Scholasticism’s attempt to reconcile faith and reason Peter Abelard (1079 – 1142) Sic et Non The Problem of Universals Realists and nominalists Aristotle and Christianity: challenges Saint Thomas Aquinas (1225 – 1274) Summa Theologica The Revival of Roman Law
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Literature in the High Middle Ages An Outpouring of Latin Literature Creative Literature in the Vernacular Troubadour Poetry The Heroic Epic Chanson de geste The Song of Roland (c. 1100) Little role for women The Courtly Romance King Arthur
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Romanesque Architecture: “A White Mantle of Churches” An Explosion of Building in the Eleventh and Twelfth Centuries Romanesque Style Master builders and international unity of style Features Rectangular basilica shape Vaults Massive pillars and walls
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The Gothic Cathedral The Symbol of the Medieval Preoccupation with God Features Ribbed vaults and pointed arches Flying buttress Stained glass Saint Denis (c. 1140 – c. 1150) The cathedral as a communal project
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Discussion Questions What were some of the factors that caused an increase of castles across the landscape? What role did chivalry play in the lifestyle of the aristocracy? Why were Italian cities like Venice so important in the revival of trade? How and why did medieval universities originate? What is meant by scholasticism? What led to the transition from Romanesque to Gothic architecture?
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