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Chapter 17- European Renaissance & Reformation
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What was it? A deadly plague that spread across Europe from 1346-1352 Caused by a form of bacteria Appeared in 3 forms: Pneumonic: attacked the lungs Septicemic: appeared in the bloodstream Bubonic: caused buboes on the body How did it spread throughout Europe? Originated in Mongolia & spread to Black Sea along Silk Road Bacteria carried by fleas who lived on black rats Italian merchant ships brought rats to Europe along with trade goods 1 st appeared in Sicily & eventually spread
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Why couldn’t people stop its spread? People were ignorant about its cause; they blamed the stars, God’s anger, and the Jews They tried ineffective cures such as pomanders, flagellation, & repentance of sins How did it change life in Europe? Killed 1/3 of population Forced farmers to diversify their crops Peasants revolted & demanded more freedom Working class moved to cities to earn better wages Reduced the power of feudal lords
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How did the war begin? French king Charles IV died in 1328 with no male heir Two men attempted to claim the vacant throne- Edward III of England, son-in-law of Charles IV & Philip of Valois, nephew of Charles IV English armies attacked France (1337) How did the nature of warfare change? Longbows eliminated advantages of armor Cannons could be used to blast holes in castles Monarchs used armies recruited from common people
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Who was Joan of Arc & how did she change the course of the war? Young French peasant woman who was inspired by God to save France Convinced Charles VII to let her lead an army against the English in 1429 Helped push the English armies out of central France Captured, accused of heresy, and burned at the stake in 1431; sainted in 1922 How did the war contribute to the end of Feudalism in France? People became more patriotic, more devoted to the monarch than their feudal lord Monarchs built huge armies with the taxes they collected, which reduced the power of the nobles
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The foundations of town life Towns were centers for trade & shipping Luxury goods such as silk, spices, ivory, and porcelain could be bought in towns Guilds dominated social & civic life of towns Guilds reflected the importance of Christianity in towns Contributed to building of cathedrals Adopted patron saints & sponsored parades in their honor
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DURING THE MIDDLE AGES DURING THE RENAISSANCE Society: towns were small b/c society was based on agriculture & most people lived in the countryside Power: nobles had most of the power Lords owned the land where most towns were located Towns needed protection from knights that lords could provide Status: determined by birthright Society: towns grew b/c society began to be based on commerce & more people started to live in cities Power: middle class had most of the power Limited the power of feudal lords by forcing them to grant charters Gained control of great sums of money by organizing banks Status: determined by wealth & ability
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What was the Renaissance & why did it begin in Italy? Renaissance is a French word meaning “rebirth;” refers to revival in arts & learning Period when scholars became interested in ancient Greek & Roman culture Italian city-states displayed their wealth by giving financial support to artists who created works with classical themes Why were Italian city-states so rich & powerful? Had strong ties w/Byzantine & Muslim merchants Each city-state specialized in 1 commercial activity: Milan- metal goods & armor Florence- banking & textiles Venice- Asian goods European monarchs & nobles sought loans from merchants
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How did Florence become the most influential city-state? Maintained thriving industry in wool & silk trade Purchased luxury items from the East & sold them for a large profit Sold insurance to sea traders to protect their overseas investments Created numerous banks that made loans or exchanged currencies Medici family promoted trade, banking, the arts, scholarship, & civic pride
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Why people became interested in ancient culture- Knowledge of ancient Greece & Rome was rediscovered by scholars The Crusades made Europeans eager to learn about the world around them Scholars thought ancient Greek & Roman writings would help solve problems A belief in human potential- Believed each person could achieve great things Claimed that people educated in the classics could create a better world Emphasized human achievement on earth, rather than the afterlife
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A fascination with classical cultures- Artists used ancient art as models Donatello created statues that copied the Roman ideal of the human body Brunelleschi designed buildings after studying ruins in Rome Revolutionary innovations were made A new type of scholar called a humanist- Devoted themselves to studying ancient writings Tried to learn about many subjects such as Latin, Greek, history, & mathematics Petrarch, a Florentine, was the 1 st great humanist
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