1. 448 ARCHITECTURE FINAL REVIEW SEMESTER 2

2. 2 Architect An architect performs certain duties and has responsibilities in several areas.architect – Designs structures by working closely with a client. – Prepares working drawings. – Assists in selecting a building contractor. – Checks on the progress of construction. Educational requirements may vary. – General practice requires a bachelor’s degree and a license.bachelor’s degree

3. 3 Land Surveyor A land surveyor performs duties in several areas.land surveyor – Establishes areas and boundaries of real estate property. – Prepares property descriptions, maps, plats, and written specifications. Educational requirements are common. – Bachelor’s degree in surveying or civil engineering. – CADD experience is desirable.

4. 4 Estimator An estimator performs duties in several areas.estimator – Calculates the cost of materials and labor for a building. – Prepares all of the necessary paperwork related to the cost of the structure. Educational requirements are common. – Normally a college degree with emphasis in math or economics. – Computer experience is usually required.

5. 5 Specifications Writer A specifications writer has responsibilities in several areas.specifications writer – Prepares the written information needed to describe materials, methods, and fixtures in a structure. – Must be knowledgeable in all phases of construction. Educational requirements are common. – A college degree is normally required.

6. 6 Architectural Drafter An architectural drafter has responsibilities in several areas.architectural drafter – Draws working drawings that the architect has designed. – Often begins as a junior drafter. Educational requirements are common. – Graduation from high school with some courses in architectural drawing. – Proficiency with CADD is desirable. – Further technical study is desirable.

7. 7 Square Foot Method Example A 24' x 60' house with a 20' x 20' garage has 1,440 square feet of living space plus 400 square feet of garage space. If the building cost is $100 per square foot, then the building cost for the living area is $144,000. – Calculation: 1,440 x $100 = $144,000 (continued)

8. 8 Square Foot Method Example If the building cost of the garage is $50 per square foot, then the cost of the garage is $20,000. – Calculation: 400 x $50 = $20,000 The estimated building cost of the completed home, not including the land, is $164,000 using this method. – Calculation: $144,000 + $20,000 = $164,000. (continued)

9. 9 Cape Cod Colonial The Cape Cod is one of the earliest and best known of the traditional Colonial styles. It was a fairly small house with a steep roof and little overhang. A chimney served the necessary room fireplaces. They were normally built as one- or one- and-one-half-story buildings. (continued)

10. 10 Garrison The Garrison is a traditional style house. Distinctive Features: – Overhanging second story. – Separate corner posts on each floor. – Economical framing. – Extra space on second floor provided by the overhang. – Steep pitch roof adds attic space. – Narrow siding and traditional styling.

11. 11 Ranch Design The ranch design is a very popular architectural style. It is a long, low, one-story house style that was first built by ranchers in the southwestern US. Traditionally built on a concrete slab with no basement. (continued)

12. 12 One-Story Ranch Designs The one-story ranch style house has all the regular living space on one level. It may have a basement, crawl space, or slab floor. One of the chief advantages is that it lends itself to indoor-outdoor living. Patios, porches, and terraces can be added off most any room. (continued)

13. 13 One-Story Ranch Designs Another advantage of this design is the absence of stairs where there is no basement. Usually has a low-pitched roof with wide overhangs. Short walls make outside maintenance easy. (continued)

14. 14 One-Story Ranch Designs Low height simplifies construction. The low and long appearance of the ranch is pleasing to most people. A great number of variations are possible. The ranch easily lends itself to expansion and modification. A ranch house usually costs more to build than other designs of the same square footage. (continued)

15. 15 One-Story Ranch Designs Maintenance costs may be more on a ranch because of the large roof and exterior wall surfaces. Considerable hall space may be required in a large ranch style house. Careful planning should be done to keep hall space to a minimum. (continued)

16. 16 One-and-One-Half-Story Designs The one-and-one-half-story design is sometimes called a Cape Cod. It has one-story with an expanded attic. It usually has dormers for additional light and ventilation. Economical to build. Built-in expandability in the attic—about 1/2 the floor space of the first floor. (continued)

17. 17 One-and-One-Half-Story Designs Additional costs to build a one-and-one-half- story house result from dormers, stairs, and a slightly steeper roof. This design is quite versatile. A minimal house will have two bedrooms, one bath, and an unfinished attic. (continued)

18. 18 Two-Story Designs The two-story house is more economical to build than a one-story. Requires a smaller lot due to the smaller roof and foundation area. May be built with a basement, crawl space, or on a slab. Heating is simple and comparatively economical—heat rises naturally to the second floor. (continued)

19. 19 Split-Level Designs The split-level design was developed for a sloping or hilly lot to take advantage of a troublesome difference in elevation. As a general rule, a split-level house should not be built on a flat lot. The split-level makes efficient use of space and has little hall space. Sleeping, living, and recreation areas are separated on different levels. (continued)

20. 20 Split-Level Designs The lowest level of the house is usually the basement level. – Contains the heating and cooling equipment, storage, and shop or laundry. – This level is generally about 40% to 60% of the house “footprint.” The next level up is the intermediate level— garage and recreation area. (continued)

21. 21 Split-Level Designs The intermediate level is at ground level. Patios and terraces may be attached to the recreation area. The intermediate level may also have a foyer, utility room, or family room. Slightly higher than the intermediate level is the living level. This level is at ground level also; the sloping grade makes this possible. (continued)

22. 22 Split-Level Designs The kitchen, dining room, living room, and full or 1/2 bath are generally located on the living level. The foyer, utility, and laundry may also be located on this level, if preferred. At the highest level of the house is the sleeping level—bedrooms and bath. (continued)

23. 23 Variations of the Split-Level Side-by-Side Design – For lots sloping to the right or left. Front-to-Back Design – For lots high in front and low in back. Back-to-Front Design – For lots low in front and high in back. Traditional Split-Level Design – Split entry between levels. – Raised basement on flat site.

24. 24 Traffic Circulation A primary consideration in designing a functional plan is traffic circulation. Circulation should be planned for efficiency of movement. – Travel should be short and not pass through other rooms. – Distance from garage to kitchen should be short and direct. – Foyer should be centrally located. – Bedrooms should be close to a bath. (continued)

25. 25 Three Basic Areas of a Residence Sleeping Area – Where the family sleeps and rests. Living Area – Where the family relaxes, dines, entertains guests, and gathers. Service Area – Where food is prepared, clothes are laundered, goods are stored, the car is parked, and house equipment is stored.

26. 26 Interior and Exterior Doors Several door classification systems are used to identify types of doors. – Two broad classes are interior and exterior doors. – Doors also may be grouped according to method of construction, uses, function, or location. Doors are typically 6'-8" high and available in various widths.

27. 27 Interior Doors Common types of interior doors include: – Flush, panel, bi-fold, sliding, pocket, double- action, accordion, Dutch, and French. Interior doors should be at least 32" wide for wheelchair passage. Lever or pull-handles may be easier for a handicapped person. (continued)

28. 28 Window Types There are three basic types of windows used in residential construction. – Sliding. – Swinging. – Fixed. Combination windows combine two or more types. Skylights and clerestory windows are location specific.

29. 29 Bedroom Closets FHA recommends 4 linear feet of closet rod space for a male; 6 linear feet for a female. Minimum depth is 24". Locate on interior wall. Locate near bedroom door. (Schulte Corporation)

30. 30 Bedroom Windows and Doors Placing windows on two walls is best. Provide at least one entry door. Door size: 6'-8" high, 2'-6" to 3'-0" wide; 3'- 0" wide for wheelchairs. Door width should be 2'-6" to 2'-10". Door should swing into the bedroom.

31. 31 Bath Size A minimum size bath is 5' x 8'.

32. 32 Glossary 1/2 Bath. Typically has only a water closet and lavatory. 3/4 Bath. Contains only a lavatory, water closet, and shower. Full Bath. Contains a lavatory, water closet, and tub or tub/shower combination. Ground Fault Circuit Interrupter (GFCI). Fast-acting device that detects short circuits and immediately shuts off power to the receptacle.

33. 33 The Service Area The service area supplements the living and sleeping areas of the house. Supplies equipment and space for: – Maintenance. – Storage. – Service. Includes kitchen, clothes care center, garage or carport, utility, and storage.

34. 34 Basic Kitchen Styles There are six basic kitchen styles: – straight-line kitchen. – L-shaped kitchen. – Corridor kitchen. – Island kitchen. – U-shaped kitchen. – Peninsula kitchen.

35. 35 Kitchen Location The kitchen location is important. It is the prime element of the service area. Its relationship to other areas of house requires careful evaluation. – Locate it near the service entrance. – Locate it near the dining room. – Locate it near the laundry and a bath.

36. 36 Garages and Carports They range from small and simple to large and complex spaces. Attached to the house or freestanding. Two-car space: 20' x 20' to 25' x 25'.

37. 37 Living Areas The living area is the most visible part of the house. – Comprises about 1/3 of the house. – The location of family gatherings. – For recreation, entertaining, and relaxing. – Not restricted to interior space. Includes: – Living, dining, special-purpose, family recreation, and foyer.

38. 38 Entryway and Foyer Every house has at least one entryway. Not all houses have a foyer. There are three basic types of entryways: – Main entry. – Service entry. – Special-purpose entry.

39. 39 The Floor Plan The floor plan is the heart of a set of construction drawings. – All tradeworkers refer to the floor plan. – Usually the first drawing completed. – The basis for many other plans. – Actually a section drawing. Keep the floor plan clean and uncluttered.

40. 40 Floor Plan Required Information Information that should be included on the floor plan includes: – Exterior and interior walls. – Size and location of windows and doors. – Built-in cabinets and appliances. – Permanent fixtures. – Stairs. – Fireplaces. (continued)

41. 41 Introduction to Elevations An elevation is an orthographic projection drawing of one side of a building.elevation Purpose is to give vertical dimensions and show the finished appearance. Generally four elevations are drawn. Exterior materials are shown. Roof slope is represented with a triangle

42. 42 Dimensioning Dimensions on a floor plan show size and location of the features. Proper placement of dimensions requires good judgment. Locate dimensions where one would logically look for them. In architectural drafting, dimension lines are continuous lines with the dimension figure placed above the line.

43. 43 Scale and Sheet Identification Residential floor plans are usually drawn at 1/4" = 1'-0". C-size paper is generally large enough. Number the sheets in the package. – Sheet 1 of 6, 2 of 6, etc., works well. – Sheet numbers should be placed in the lower right-hand corner.

44. 44 Introduction to Plot Plans A plot plan is a drawing that shows the site, location, and orientation of the buildings on the property.plot plan – Uses information provided by a surveyor and recorded on a site plan. – Shows several specific features related to the site and buildings on the property.

45. 45 Plot Plan Features Plot plans contain: – Length and bearing (direction) of each property line. – Location, outline, and size of buildings on the site. – Contour of the land. – Elevation of property corners and contour lines. – Meridian arrow (north symbol).

46. 46 Plot Plan Features Plot plans also show: – Trees, shrubs, streams, and gardens. – Streets, driveways, sidewalks, and patios. – Location of utilities. – Easements for utilities and drainage. – Well, septic tank, and leach field. – Fences and retaining walls. – Lot number or address of the site. – Scale of the drawing.

47. 47 The Foundation Plan The foundation plan is a plan view drawing in section.foundation plan – Shows the location and size of footings, piers, columns, foundation walls, and supporting beams. – Usually drawn after the floor plan and elevations have been roughed out.