2. Journal 9/9/13 1. Make an observation about the table in front of you. 2. Which of your senses was used to make this observation?

3. ____________________ Observation ______________________________________________ A. Five Senses are 1)_________________________ 2)_________________________ 3)_________________________ 4)_________________________ 5)_________________________ B. Test your power of observation How can you determine if your observation using only sight was correct? Observation and Inference Interaction of our senses with our environment Use a RULER

4. Tools can be used to extend our powers of observation. These devices have been developed by people to extended the senses beyond the normal limit, and thus enable us to make observations that are normally impossible or highly inaccurate. _________________ Graduated Cylinder _____________ _______________ _____________ ________________ _____________________________ _____________ GPS Unit Wind Vane Thermometer Compass Telescope Microscope Magnifying Glass Electronic Scale Ruler Which instruments can be used to measure these things? ___________ MicroscopeTelescope

5. Inference _____________________________________________ _____________________________________________ If you OBSERVED this setting you could INFER that ________________________________ Interpretation of an observation based on knowledge or experience a storm is coming and it will rain Are the statements below Observations or Inferences 1.The dog is angry. _____ The dog is barking. _____ 2.The pebble is smooth and round. _____ 3.The pebble was carried by a stream. _____ 4.The pebble is light brown in color. _____ 5.The tire has a leak. _____ The tire is flat. _____ 6.There is a track on the trail. ____ 7.The track was made by a deer. _____

7. Classification A classification system is based on____________________________________________ A classification system enables an investigator to ___________________________________________________ the properties or characteristics of an object organize objects in a meaningful way 1 2 3 4 5 9 6 7 8 12 10 11 16 14 13 15

8. ANIMALS FISH shark pirahanah seahorse bird BLUE JAY Bald eagle ostrich penguin mammal BEAR Killer whale bat mastadon gorilla REPTILES lizard crocodile cobra turtle

9. Scientific Method Process used to answer questions about the natural world. Process used to answer questions about the natural world.

10. Scientific Method Steps 1 st Step 1 st Step Question Question Example: “What do plants need to grow” Example: “What do plants need to grow” More specific: More specific: “Will plants grow taller with fertilizer or without fertilizer?” “Will plants grow taller with fertilizer or without fertilizer?”

11. Scientific Method Steps 2 nd Step 2 nd Step Hypothesis: make a prediction Hypothesis: make a prediction Often written as an “If…Then…” statement Often written as an “If…Then…” statement Example: Example: “If a plant is given fertilizer then it will grow taller?” “If a plant is given fertilizer then it will grow taller?”

12. Scientific Method Steps 3 rd Step 3 rd Step Experiment: design a procedure to test your hypothesis. Experiment: design a procedure to test your hypothesis. 4 th Step 4 th Step Record data in a logical way. Record data in a logical way. Data should be based on observations. Data should be based on observations.

13. Scientific Method Steps 5 th Step 5 th Step Analyze your results. Analyze your results. Use models to represent your findings. Use models to represent your findings. Graphs, charts, diagrams, pictures, objects Graphs, charts, diagrams, pictures, objects

14. Scientific Method Steps 6 th Step 6 th Step Conclusions: make inferences based on your observations. Conclusions: make inferences based on your observations. Share conclusions with other scientists. Share conclusions with other scientists. Retest Retest Conclusions can lead to … truth Conclusions can lead to … truth Theory: developed when most people agree on an explanation. Theory: developed when most people agree on an explanation. Example: plate tectonics, big bang theory, evolution Example: plate tectonics, big bang theory, evolution Law: A scientific Truth, often mathematical. Law: A scientific Truth, often mathematical. Example: gravitation, laws of motion, thermodynamics Example: gravitation, laws of motion, thermodynamics

15. Journal 9/11/13 Change the following question to make a hypothesis: Change the following question to make a hypothesis: What is the best brand of batteries? What is the best brand of batteries?

16. Journal 9/13/13 What is the difference between an observation and an inference? What is the difference between an observation and an inference?

17. Parts of a Good Experiment Independent Variable: the part of the experiment that the investigator changes. Independent Variable: the part of the experiment that the investigator changes. Only One changed at a time. Only One changed at a time. Example: amount of fertilizer plants receive. Example: amount of fertilizer plants receive. Why not change more than one? Why not change more than one? Not a controlled experiment. Not a controlled experiment. Dependent Variable: the variable that responds to the change (data collected). Dependent Variable: the variable that responds to the change (data collected). This is the variable that is measured or observed. This is the variable that is measured or observed. Example: the height of plant growth due to changes in fertilizer. Example: the height of plant growth due to changes in fertilizer.

18. Parts of a Good Experiment Constant: kept the same or controlled in an experiment. Constant: kept the same or controlled in an experiment. Example: amount of water, sunlight, soil type. Example: amount of water, sunlight, soil type. Why? Why? If everything else is kept the same then any changes in growth are probably due to the independent variable. If everything else is kept the same then any changes in growth are probably due to the independent variable. Numerous Trials: do the experiment many times. Numerous Trials: do the experiment many times. Why? Why? It is unlikely that you will make the same mistake numerous times. It is unlikely that you will make the same mistake numerous times.

19. Journal 9/16/13 1) How many variables are there in a simple controlled experiment? 2) Matt is conducting an investigation to answer the following question: “How much light is needed for a plant to grow?” What would be the independent variable for this experiment be? 3) What is one thing Matt would keep constant in this experiment?

20. Journal 9/18/13 P.3 in UPCO book P.3 in UPCO book Answer #7-12 (write answer only) 7.8.9.10.11.12.

21. Journal 9/19/13 P.3 in UPCO book P.3 in UPCO book Answer #13 13. A BCDEF

22. Journal 9/20 In science why is it important to measure accurately? In science why is it important to measure accurately?

23. Measurement is a way of expressing an observation with greater precision. It provides a numerical value for some property of the object or event being observed. All measurements consist of: 1. _____________________ 2. _____________________ Linear Measurement ____________________________________ Tool _________________________ Units ________________________ Use the model below to give the value of the labeled lines to the nearest tenth and then convert to millimeters. A _____________ centimeters, or _____________ millimeters B _____________ centimeters, or _____________ millimeters C _____________ centimeters, or _____________ millimeters D _____________ centimeters, or _____________ millimeters E _____________ centimeters, or _____________ millimeters BDECA numerical value UNITS Distance between two points Ruler numerical value 2.5 0.8 25.0 4.0 7.5 5.353.0 75.0 40.0 8.0

24. Measure each line to the nearest tenth of a centimeter and millimeter. 1. ________cm, or ________ mm 2. ________cm, or ________ mm 3. ________cm, or ________ mm 4. ________cm, or ________ mm 5. ________cm, or ________ mm Area ____________________________________________________________ Formula __________________________________Units “square” units 1. squared centimeters or ________ 2. squared meters or ________ Determine the area of the figures below. 9.9 6.0 117.0 2.7 27.0 60.0 8.7 87.0 11.7 99.0 cm 2 m2m2m2m2 A = L x W Amount of surface space

26. Volume (“three dimensional measurement” sometimes referred to as the “size” of an object.) ___________________ _______________________________________ Determining VOLUME of liquids Tool _______________________ Units ______________________ What is the volume of the graduated cylinders below? ________mL___________mL_________mL Measurement ____________ Volume of Rectangular Solids Tool _______________________ Units Formula ____________________cubic cm or ______________ cubic m or _______________ 6.653.021.5 66.0 mL Graduated Cylinder mL Amount of space an object occupies Ruler V = L x W x H cm 3 m3m3m3m3

30. Determine the volume of the objects. 3cm 8cm 9cm 3cm 4cm _______________ Volume by Displacement 27 cm 3 96 cm 3 288 cm 3 What is the VOLUME of the rock? ___________ 7.0 ml 9.0 ml 2.0 ml

31. Journal 9/30 Conversion Practice Conversion Practice How many cm are in a meter? How many cm are in a meter? How many meters are in a km? How many meters are in a km? How many mm are there in a cm? How many mm are there in a cm?

32. Common SI Units PropertyBase UnitSymbol Tool Used LengthMeterm Meter Stick Liquid Volume LiterL Graduated Cylinder MassGramg Scale Triple Beam Balance TemperatureCelsius°CThermomet er

33. What is the formula for finding the volume of this object?

34. Calculate the volume of this object to the nearest tenth of a cubic centimeter. Show all formulas.

35. VOLUME of an irregularly shaped object: What instrument would be used to measure the volume of an object such as a rock?

36. VOLUME of an irregularly shaped object: Describe the process you would use. Put water into cylinder measure volume of water place object in cylinder re-measure volume of water subtract volumes

37. Measuring Weight Objects are slightly lighter when weighed at the equator than at the poles. Objects are slightly lighter when weighed at the equator than at the poles. This is because an object’s weight depends on the force of gravity. This is because an object’s weight depends on the force of gravity. At the equator, gravity is measurably less, so things are lighter. At the equator, gravity is measurably less, so things are lighter. Thus weight measurements is unreliable for scientific data. Thus weight measurements is unreliable for scientific data.

39. Will your mass be the same on the moon? Will your mass be the same on the moon? Why? Why? Will weight be the same on the moon? Will weight be the same on the moon? Why? Why?

40. 10/2 -Density 10/2 -Density If everyone in the room were to go into the prep room, what would happen to the density of the room? If everyone in the room were to go into the prep room, what would happen to the density of the room? Why? Why?

41. Measurement Notes 3 You should be able to describe density and measure density.

42. What is Density? Density is a physical property of matter. Density measures the amount of matter in a given amount of space. Density is a measure of how tightly packed the particles of matter are. Example: Styrofoam has a low density. Iron has a high density.

43. Which Block is More dense? -Same ________ different _______

45. Why study density? Density is a property used to identify matter Density determines:  Wind  Floating of any kind  Ocean currents  Formation of the earth’s crust and plate tectonics  Atmospheric pressure

46. How is density measured? Density is determined by the formula: Mass Density = Volume Mass is measured in grams (g). Volume is measured in milliliters (mL) or cubic centimeters (cm 3 ) or (cc) Density is expressed as grams per cubic centimeter (g/cm 3)

47. FORMULAS M DV

48. DOESN’T CHANGE WITH SIZE DENSITY DOES NOT CHANGE WHEN A MATERIAL IS CUT INTO PIECES *1

49. What is the density of a block of wood that measures 2cm x 4cm x 5cm and that has a mass of 20g? V = 2cm x 4cm x 5cm = 40 cm 3 D = M V = 20g 40 cm 3 = 0.5 g/cm 3 The answer means that “One cubic centimeter of this wood has a mass of 0.5 gram.” Example 2cm 4cm 5cm

50. Floating All objects on earth follow the rule: Less dense floats on more dense. Any substance less dense than water will float in water. Any vessel filled with a vapor (such as air) will float in water. (Even aircraft carriers).

51. Buoyancy The tendency of an object to float or sink. ◦ Will cork float in water or sink? ◦ Will lead float in water or sink?

53. In the illustration above the mass of Object X is 80 grams. The volume can be determined by water displacement. 1. What is the volume of object X? 2. What is the density of Object X? ________________

54. Object Y is a perfect cube. The density of Object Y is 5.5 g/cm 3 What is the mass of Object Y as shown by the electronic scale? _____________________________ Calculate the volume of Object Y. V=

55. ____________________________________________________________________________ Density Relationships 1. Density in Relation to Size = 1cm 3 = 1cm 3 = 1 gram of particle = 1 gram of particle Total mass= ______ Total volu= ______ Density= ______ Total mass= ______ Total volu= ______ Density= ______ 2. Density in Relation to Temperature The size of an object does NOT determine or affect its density. RELATIONSHIP Size _________________________________________________________ As temperature increases, density decreases = 1 gram of particle = 1 gram of particle Density Temperature Volume _____________ Mass _______________ Density _____________ increases remains same decreases

56. 3. Density in Relation to State of Matter 4. Density in Relation to Pressure RELATIONSHIP _________ SolidLiquidGas Decreasing Density WATER ________________________________________ WATER is densest at 34° F _________________________________________________________ LiquidSolidGas Density SolidGasLiquid Density of Water Volume _____________ Mass __________________ Density ________________ As pressure increases, density increases decreases decreases _____ remains the same increases Density Pressure

57. Temperature __________________________________________ Instrument _____________________________________ Units _____________________ _____________________ Average kinetic energy of a material thermometer Fahrenheit o F Celsius o C Kelvin K 0 293 373100 0 -40 -273 -40 32 70 98 Water Boils Human Body Water Freezes Absolute Zero