1. CHAPTER 5-- CONSCIOUSNESS

2. CHAPTER 5 Topics Section 1: The Study of Consciousness Section 2: Sleep and Dreams Section 3: Meditation, Biofeedback, & Hypnosis Section 4: Drugs and Consciousness

3. Section 1 Intro Activity 1. What do you already know about consciousness? Brainstorm a list a key words, terms, understandings. 2. Imagine you are a psychologist applying for a research grant to study the psychological topic of your choice. How would you explain your rationale for wanting to research consciousness? 3. How might you begin to conduct research on consciousness? What methods might you use? What kind of experiments might you conduct? 4. Identify one thing you want to learn about consciousness.

4. SECTION 1: The Study of Consciousness What is CONSCIOUSNESS? STATES OF CONSCIOUSNESS: - _____________________________________________ (like you are away you are reading this slide) -__________________________________________________________ -___________________________________________________________ (caused by hypnotic trance OR drugs)

5. SECTION 1: The Study of Consciousness SHOULD PSYCHOLOGISTS STUDY CONSCIOUSNESS? William James said “We can’t see it.” John Watson said “Psychology should discard all references to consciousness and only focus on what we can observe.” Consciousness is a psychological “construct”: We can’t see it, but we know it is there and we can study it, measure it (talking, brain waves), and make theories about it.

6. SECTION1: The Study of Consciousness MEANINGS OF CONSCIOUSNESS WE SPEAK OF CONSCIOUSNESS IN A VARIETY OF WAYS: 1._________________________________ of what is going on in our environment. see a raindrop glistening on a leaf hear your teacher’s voice smell pizza in the cafeteria _________________________________– makes our senses keener. We are particularly attentive to certain stimuli.

7. SECTION 1: The Study of Consciousness 2. _______________________________________________________: Being aware of things inside yourself. You do not hear, touch, smell, or see thoughts, images, emotions, or memories; yet you are still conscious of them. feelings of anger remembering your BFF from 1 st grade thinking about concepts like love

8. SECTION 1: The Study of Consciousness 3. Consciousness as Sense of Self: Aware of yourself and your own existence. You develop a sense of self as a young child, and have that sense of self from then on, no matter how much the world around you changes

9. SECTION 1: The Study of Consciousness WE HAVE DIFFERENT LEVELS OF CONSCIOUSNESS: 1.Preconscious level: 2. Unconscious (subconscious) level: Freud’s focus—this information is usually unavailable to us. –mental strategies, like defense mechanisms

10. SECTION 1: The Study of Consciousness WE HAVE DIFFERENT LEVELS OF CONSCIOUSNESS: 3. Nonconscious level: –fingernails growing, pupils dilating WHEN OUR SENSE OF SELF OR THE WORLD CHANGES, WE SAY THIS IS AN ALTERED STATE OF CONSCIOUSNESS

12. SECTION 2: SLEEP & DREAMS CIRCADIAN RHYTHMS: Our ____________________________ ________________________________ in temperature, blood pressure, sleepiness Sleep-wake cycle is the most studied 24 hours long—but 25 without cues such as clocks or sunrise/sets

13. SECTION 2: SLEEP & DREAMS 5 STAGES OF SLEEP: We measure sleep by… Stage 1 to Stage 4: lightest to deepest sleep __________________________________________________, with delta waves It takes about ____________________________ to go from Stage 1 to 4 and back to Stage 1

14. SECTION 2: SLEEP & DREAMS AFTER STAGES 1 – 4: Breathing becomes irregular, blood pressure and heartbeat rise, eyes move rapidly We call this REM -____________________________________________- Sleep (Other 4 stages are called ______________________________) During REM sleep, we _______________________. 8 hours of sleep = about ______________________

16. SECTION 2: SLEEP & DREAMS WE NEED TO SLEEP! ______________ our tired body Helps us… Without sleep, people become irritable, can’t focus, have speech difficulties and memory lapses REM SLEEP IS IMPORTANT! Animals & people learn more slowly We forget more rapidly REM sleep may help infant brain development and exercise adult brains REM-rebound: It takes extra REM to catch up for what we miss Video - The Science of Sleep: http://abcnews.go.com/Nightline/vide o?id=3868104

17. SECTION 2: SLEEP & DREAMS DREAMS: Clearest dreams in REM. Sometimes we are unable to remember dreams from one state of consciousness (sleep) to the other (awake). Freud said dreams reflect our unconscious wishes and urges – usually the most painful ones—and are symbolic. Dreams provide a way to deal with painful material that they cannot deal with consciously. Some psychologists believe dreams are just biological—random bursts of neurons that the brain tries to make sense of. Most psychologists agree there are no hard-and- fast rules for interpreting dreams. Video- Freud’s Interpretation of Dreams http://player.discoveryeducation.com/index.cfm?guidAssetId=8B89D6E3-EE63- 4909-8E55-5DC7B4526930&blnFromSearch=1&productcode=US

18. SECTION 2: SLEEP & DREAMS MANY OF US EXPERIENCE SLEEP PROBLEMS, MOST COMMONLY: 1.. 2.. 3.. 4.. 5.. 6..

19. SECTION 2: SLEEP & DREAMS INSOMNIA: _________________________________________ Usually insomnia is difficulty _________________________________________ Attempting to “make yourself” go to sleep only _____________________________________ See p. 111 for tips for overcoming insomnia

20. SECTION 2: SLEEP & DREAMS NIGHTMARES: Bad dreams ____________________________________, usually in the morning hours NIGHT TERRORS: Occur mostly in ____________________ (deepest sleep) during 1 st or 2 nd sleep cycle ____________________________– may sit up, talk incoherently, or thrash about ______________________________ (Sleep Disorder DVD #2 – Night Terrors)

21. SECTION 2: SLEEP & DREAMS SLEEPWALKING: Mostly_________________________ Usually in _____________________________ May respond to questions but __________ ____________________________ No evidence that sleepwalkers become violent if you try to wake them

22. SECTION 2: SLEEP & DREAMS SLEEP APNEA: A ______________________________________________________________, and people _________________________ People don’t realize what happened—they are just ________________ ________________________________the day. 10 million+ Americans (Sleep Disorder DVD #1 – Sleep Apnea in NFL)

23. SECTION 2: SLEEP & DREAMS NARCOLEPSY: Rare sleep problem People… May be dangerous if you are driving or operating machinery Treated with drugs and naps

24. REVIEW: Sections 1-2 Study of Consciousness Consciousness=Awareness Meanings of Consciousness: 1)Sensory Awareness 2)Direct Inner Awareness 3)Sense of Self Levels of Consciousness: 1)Preconscious 2)Unconscious 3)Nonconscious Altered States of Consciousness Sleep and Dreams Stages of Sleep: -Non-REM sleep (Stages 1-4) -REM sleep Dreams -happen during REM -where dreams come from Common Sleep Problems: -Insomnia -Nightmares vs. Night Terrors -Sleepwalking -Sleep Apnea -Narcolepsy

25. SECTION 3: Meditation, Biofeedback, & Hypnosis SOME ALTERED STATES OF CONSCIOUSNESS OCCUR WHEN WE ARE AWAKE: 1._________________________ 2._________________________ 3._________________________

26. SECTION 3: Meditation, Biofeedback, & Hypnosis MEDITATION: A method to ________________________________ ________________________________. All methods of meditation focus on a peaceful, repetitive stimulus. Purpose:

27. SECTION 3: Meditation, Biofeedback, & Hypnosis MEDITATION (continued): Forms of Meditation: * Egypt – gaze at oil-burning lamps * India – stare at intricate pattern on vase/carpet. * _________________________________________ (“Om”) Important part of some religions, like Buddhism

28. SECTION 3: Meditation, Biofeedback, & Hypnosis MEDITATION (continued): Some meditators claim… These claims have never been scientifically proven, but evidence does suggest that meditation can help people relax (even lower high blood pressure).

29. SECTION 3: Meditation, Biofeedback, & Hypnosis BIOFEEDBACK: System or machine that… Useful in controlling headaches, blood pressure, heart rates

30. SECTION 3: Meditation, Biofeedback, & Hypnosis BIOFEEDBACK: Figure 5.4 (p. 113): Biofeedback system designed to record the tension in the forehead muscle of a person who suffers from headaches

31. SECTION 3: Meditation, Biofeedback, & Hypnosis BIOFEEDBACK: LET’S TRY IT! Find you pulse in your neck or wrist. Count the # of heartbeats in 30 seconds, then multiply by 2 to get # of beats per minute. Now, try to lower your heart rate.

32. SECTION 3: Meditation, Biofeedback, & Hypnosis HYPNOSIS. Began with Franz Mesmer (mesmerize) APA-Hypnosis Today #1 http://www.apa.org/topics/hypnosis/media.aspx USES: Used for __________________________________________ Used by psychologists to help patients ___________ _________________________________________________. Used to _______________________________________— subject is given a post-hypnotic suggestion to be carried out after hypnosis APA-Hypnosis Today #5 http://www.apa.org/topic s/hypnosis/media.aspx

33. SECTION 3: Meditation, Biofeedback, & Hypnosis How Is Hypnosis Achieved? ________________________________ __________________ (spot on wall, object in hypnotist’s hand, hypnotist’s voice) Arms/Legs are warm, heavy, relaxed “You are feeling sleepy” Must have _____________________ __________________________ How Can We Explain Hypnosis? Freud – people allow themselves to enter childish state where they believe what the hypnotist tells them Role Theory – ____________________ ___________________________________ ___________________________________ (not faking it) APA-Hypnosis Today #3 http://www.apa.org/topics/hypnosis/media.aspx

34. SECTION 3: Meditation, Biofeedback, & Hypnosis HYPNOSIS (continued): Psychologists cont. to ________________________________________________ ________________________________. 1) Hypnosis & Memory: –Hypnosis __________________________________________________________________ –People do not remember being hypnotized. 2) Hypnosis as Pain Reliever –used for dental work, surgery without anesthesia 3) Hypnosis for Quitting Bad Habits –posthypnotic suggestion: therapist connects habit to something repulsive APA-Hypnosis Today #2:http://www.apa.org/topics/hypnosis/media.aspx

35. SECTION 3: Meditation, Biofeedback, & Hypnosis Hypnosis and Sports Psychology: http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=QmY5B_BzbDQ Hypnosis to Stop Smoking (4:15): http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=uP8j2OwPwUc

36. SECTION 4: Drugs and Consciousness PSYCHOACTIVE DRUGS: Interact with the central nervous system to… _______________________________ & ________________ __________________________________________________ Depressants, stimulants, hallucinogens

37. SECTION 4: Drugs and Consciousness Categories of Drugs that Affect Consciousness: 1._________________________________ 2._________________________________ 3._________________________________ _________________________ – After a person takes that drug for a while, his or her body craves it just to feel normal. (Alcohol and narcotics are addictive)

38. SECTION 4: Drugs and Consciousness DEPRESSANTS: Drugs that slow the activity of the nervous system. They give the user a sense of relaxation. 1.Alcohol: The most widely used and abused drug –Intoxication: Drunkenness. It is involved in more than half of all fatal auto accidents in the U.S. –Slurred speech, blurred vision, clumsy, difficulty concentrating, impaired judgment, less able to focus on consequences of behavior –Alcoholism can cause liver problems, heart problems, and cancer –Alcohol provides an excuse for behavior that sober people know it unwise. Since drinkers CHOOSE to drink, they are responsible for their actions while intoxicated. –HOW does the media portray alcohol consumption?

39. SECTION 4: Drugs and Consciousness FYI… Fetal Alcohol Syndrome (FAS) This is what can happen when a mother drinks during pregnancy Deformation of the… ___________________________________________ than normal infants Can occur with one drink daily during pregnancy

40. SECTION 4: Drugs and Consciousness 2.Narcotics: Examples of Narcotics: –Morphine – Deadens pain –Heroine – feel heroic, pleasure drowsiness, impaired judgment and memory, loss of consciousness, coma, death, diseases from needles Withdrawal Symptoms:

41. SECTION 4: Drugs and Consciousness STIMULANTS: Types of Stimulants: 1.___________________________________ 2.___________________________________ 3.___________________________________

42. SECTION 4: Drugs and Consciousness 1._____________________________: In cigarettes, cigars, pipe tobacco and chewing tobacco. Spurs the release of adrenaline, increasing heart rate Reduces appetite and increases rate that body turns food to energy Second-hand smoke is also dangerous Surgeon General’s Warning: The Surgeon General Has Determined That Cigarette Smoking Is Dangerous to Your Health. Each year, more than 400,000 Americans die from smoking-related diseases. This is more than the number who die from motor-vehicle accidents, abuse of alcohol and all other drugs, suicide, homicide, and AIDS combined.

43. SECTION 4: Drugs and Consciousness 2.Amphetamines: Stimulants that can be taken as pills or injected. Used during WWII to keep soldiers awake/alert Amphetamines can… May cause: 1.Hallucinations: 2.Delusions:

44. SECTION 4: Drugs and Consciousness 3.Cocaine: Raises blood pressure and decreases oxygen to the heart while speeding up heart rate Also causes restlessness, insomnia, trembling, headaches, nausea, convulsions and DEATH Freud experimented with cocaine

45. SECTION 4: Drugs and Consciousness HALLUCINOGENS: 1.__________________________________: from cannabis plant; produces feelings of relaxation and mild hallucinations; impairs perception and coordination, causes confusion; increases heart rate 2._________________________________: Stronger than marijuana; strange hallucinations and flashbacks that can be dangerous.

46. SECTION 4: Drugs and Consciousness Some drugs (such as nicotine & alcohol) are readily available to anyone over a certain age. Others (such as certain narcotics and amphetamines) are available by prescription for certain medical conditions. Still others (like cocaine) are completely illegal. Discuss the rationales for the varying designations of different drugs. Do the differences seem justifiable, or do they seem arbitrary?

47. SECTION 4: Drugs and Consciousness TREATMENTS FOR DRUG ABUSE: 1.___________________________________: getting drugs out of the body 2._______________________________________: given less addictive substitutes 3._________________________________________: Individual or group 4.__________________________________ such as Alcoholics Anonymous