1. Vocabulary Chapter1

2. Five Themes Location Place Human-Environment Interaction Region Movement

3. Location: position of things on the planet Place: unique physical and human characteristics of a location The location is Jerusalem, even more specifically the Temple Mount, a holy site for Jews, Christians and Moslems. Two of the unique features would be the Dome of the Rock and the Western (or Wailing) Wall.

4. Geographic Information System GPS Global Positioning System Satellite-based system to find absolute locations

5. Both GPS and GIS use remote sensing : collecting data from instruments physically distant from study area

6. Human-Environmental Interaction Growth of an island (Singapore) Rainforest feathering or fish-boning (Amazon Basin)

7. OIL SPILL, 2010

8. Landscape: material culture of a place Cultural Landscape: imprint of human activity of the planet’s surface The 300 foot slopes of Santorini were caused by a massive volcano about 3600 years ago (landscape). The city of Fira is poised on the rim of this sunken caldera (cultural landscape).

9. Spatial Interaction How places relate/act upon each other Factors: Dispersion : Distance between things Accessibility : Can these regions access each others goods/services/ideas Connectivity : Degree of direct linkage

10. It should be apparent that there is a lot more spatial interaction in the eastern area of this map and than the western area of the map. For one, the landscape in the west has many more lakes and this affects accessibility, like in the case of Leesburg and Mount Dora, because there is basically only one way to get there. This in turn impacts connectivity. On the eastern side of the map, notice all the roads and major highways. Orlando, like most cities has accessibility to most parts of the city which helps its connectivity. Did the landscape, both the size and number of lakes have an impact on where Orlando is?

11. Types of cultural diffusion Cultural Diffusion: The passing and appropriation of culture traits, innovations, and characteristics.

12. Hierarchical Diffusion - expansion diffusion in which an innovation (or other phenomenon) spreads over space from large places to progressively smaller ones, skipping the spaces in between. Map of the British Empire and Tianjin subway map.

13. Contagious Diffusion - an innovation (or other phenomenon) spreads across contiguous space after direct contact between the innovator(s) and potential adapters of an innovation (or other phenomenon).

14. Stimulus Diffusion -The spread of an underlying principle, trait, business or idea is appropriated after some type of introduction.

15. Relocation Diffusion: process in which items being diffused are transmitted by carrier agents as they evacuate old areas and inhabit new ones. Chinatowns in London (R), New York (B), San Francisco (T). The oldest synagogue in the USA, and the plans of one in China (right). The largest mosque in the USA is in Perrysburg, Ohio.

16. Functional Regions: A region based on a particular set of activities or interactions Language map Belgium, St. Johns Water Management District, Fishing Waters off coast of Canada and Boston Subway map.

17. Formal Region: a region marked by homogeneity in one or more phenomenon, a region with a delimited border

18. Mixture of Regions: The formal border (by county), the functional region (the term you should use for soft drinks, and perceptual (that the % are spread evenly in every county).

19. How Diseases Diffuse Endemic Disease always with a population – Malaria Epidemic Disease that breaks out and subsides -Yellow fever

20. Pandemic A disease that spreads quickly across continents

21. Direct diffusion is when two cultures are very close to each other, resulting in intermarriage, trade, and even warfare. An example of direct diffusion is between the United States and Canada, where the people living on the border of these two countries engage in hockey, which started in Canada, and baseball, which is popular in American culture. Forced diffusion occurs when one culture subjugates (conquers or enslaves) another culture and forces its own customs on the conquered people. An example would be the forced Christianization of the indigenous populations of the Americas by the Spanish, French, English and Portuguese. Indirect diffusion happens when traits are passed from one culture through a middleman to another culture, without the first and final cultures ever being in direct contact. An example could be the presence of Mexican food in Canada, since a large territory (the United States) lies in between.

22. Maps a representation of the planet on a flat surface

23. 1:24,000-scale map 1:100,000-scale map 1:250,000-scale map Scale Scale is the fraction or ration between the map and the place that is being mapped Remember: the bigger the number the smaller the scale, So… Large scale covers a small area with lots of detail Small scale covers a large area with little detail

24. The more places you know the more things you can imagine on the planet. a person's perception of the world

25. Reference Maps A highly generalized map type designed to show general spatial properties of features. Examples are world maps, road maps, census maps, and sketch maps.

26. Thematic Maps serve three primary purposes. First, they provide specific information about particular locations. Second, they provide general information about spatial patterns. Third, they can be used to compare patterns on two or more maps.

27. Cartograms A graphic that depicts attributes of geographic objects as the object's area.

30. Environmental Determinism human behavior is shaped and controlled by the environment -convenient excuse for slavery/ethnocentrism -moved during history cultural ecology culture as an adaptation to environment political ecology environmental consequences of political- economic arrangements and understandings North America Western Europe Greece Possibilism The environment influences but does not determine humans activity

31. is based on the uniquely human capacity to classify experiences, encode such classifications symbolically, and teach such abstractions to others 3 basic parts of culture 1.integrated pattern of human knowledge, belief, and behavior 2.set of shared attitudes, values, goals, and practices 3.enlightenment and excellence of taste acquired by intellectual and aesthetic training

32. Seven Major Traits of Culture 1.Learned: through interaction, observation, and imitation Proverbs, Folk tales and folklore, High Culture (poetry, art, music, mass media) Conscious — being told, reading Unconscious — most culture is learned 2. Transmitted: Each generation (older) passes it on to the younger 3. Based on Symbols Language is key element / but also from images, icons. 4. Integrated (one dimension affect other dimensions) vs

33. Seven Major Traits of Culture 5. Changeable (culture is dynamic, not static) Change occurs from: innovation (discovery) e.g. television, computer, women’s movement diffusion (borrowing) e.g. McDonalds worldwide acculturation (long-term contact with another culture) 7. Ethnocentric: the belief that one’s culture is superior and more worthy than another. While it is important to have a positive view of one’s self, ethnocentrism can be a major hindrance to intercultural communication — can shut others out, lead to derogatory viewpoints. 8. Adaptive : In order to survive, culture must adapt. Example — roles of women in USA after WWII

34. Cultural Appropriation -process of adapting ideas/knowledge/customs from other cultures -initially seen as a benefit Cultural Barrier -prevailing attitude/custom that prevents cultural appropriation