3. Protection: Blood Cell Production: Body Movement: Detoxification: Structural Support: Storage: 1) minerals and 2) lipids Functions of Bone (Osseous Tissue)

4. (e) Sesamoid bone (patella) (f) Sutural bone (of skull)

8. Inorganic (~2/3) Glycosaminoglycans (GAGs) Calcium Hydroxyapatite Ca 3 (PO 4 ) 2. (OH) 2 Organic (~1/3) Collagen Constituents of Bone Specialized Bone Cells (4) Calcium Carbonate CaCO 3 Other Minerals: Mg, SO 4, Na, K 80% 15% 5% Flexibility!Rigidity!

13. Compact Bone

14. Specialized Bone Cells

17. Hormonal Control of Bone Tissue Sex Hormones: (estrogen, progesterone, testosterone) Calcitriol: Human Growth Hormone (hGH): Thyroxine: Calcitonin: Parathyroid Hormone: (Thyroid gland) (Parathyroid gland) (Skin and kidneys) (Ovaries and Testes) (Pituitary gland) Stimulate Osteoblasts Inhibits Osteoclasts Stimulates Osteoclasts Increases Ca 2+ absorption from intestine, ↓ Ca 2+ in urine.

19. Increased lead absorption Disrupts synthesis of collagen Hyperactivity and/or lethargy Muscle disorders Brain damage and lowered IQ ArthritisDementiaBone fractures Lowered thyroid function Bone cancer osteosarcoma Inactivates 62 enzymes Inhibited formation of antibodies Genetic damage and cell death Increased tumor and cancer rate Disrupted immune system Damaged sperm and increased infertility Other Health Problems Linked to Fluoridation So, why are we still fluoridating water?

20. 2 Types of Ossification 1. Intramembranous Ossification Mesoderm Osteoprogenitor cells Osteoblast Mesenchymal cells Osteocytes in bone tissue

21. 2. ENDOCHONRAL OSSIFICATION starts as a cartilage model of bone

23. Appositional Bone Growth Bone Remodeling: Depositing and removing bone tissue!

25. Fractures Simple (Closed): Compound (Open):

32. Osteopenia: A reduction in bone mass with age. Osteomalacia (‘Rickets’ in children): Defective mineralization of bone, resulting in too much flexibility, bone cannot bear weight sufficiently. Osteoma: Cancer of bone tissue (uncontrolled bone growth, a malignant tumor = cancer). Disorders of Bone Tissue

33. Osteoporosis: A significant reduction in bone mass that impairs function. 1) Decrease in hormone levels. From too little mineralization of bones for these reasons: 2) Deficiency of minerals in youth, thus too little to begin with. 3) Imbalance of osteoblasts and osteoclasts activity.