2. Endocrine System Overview Physically disconnected Controls growth, development, responses Glands: Major organs of the endocrine system – makes hormones – Hormones: chemical signals that move through blood Hormones attach to cell receptor – Cause target cells produce proteins – Two categories of hormones Notice how the organs of the digestive system are physically connected

3. Secreting cell Naturally produced by the body Secreting cell releases steroids into blood nucleus 1) Steroid Hormones

4. Target cell Naturally produced by the body Secreting cell releases steroids into blood Attach to receptor inside of target cells Hormone stimulates creation of proteins receptor Non-target cell nucleus 1) Steroid Hormones protein receptor nucleus Non-target cell nucleus receptor

5. Secreting cell Naturally produced by the body Secreting cell releases non-steroids into blood nucleus 2) Non-Steroid Hormones

6. receptor Naturally produced by the body Secreting cell releases non-steroids into blood Attach to receptor on surface of target cells Starts a chain of chemical reactions Target cell creates proteins nucleus 2) Non-Steroid Hormones protein nucleus

7. Stimulates the pituitary gland to release growth hormones Helps controls growth, reproduction, body temp Major Glands

8. Regulates water level of blood Growth hormones: stimulates cell division

9. Major Glands Regulates metabolism, growth, development

10. Causes WBCs to mature to fight infection

11. Controls glucose levels in blood Insulin: removes glucose from blood Glucagon: increases glucose in the blood

12. When glucose levels are high Insulin (i) released by the pancreas Blood cell G G G G G G G G G G G G G i i i i i i i i i i G G G G GG G G

13. When glucose levels are high Insulin (i) released by the pancreas Insulin channels open, allowing glucose to diffuse into the cell Blood cell G G G G G G G G G G G G G iii iii i ii i G G G G GG G G

14. When glucose levels are high Insulin (i) released by the pancreas Insulin channels open, allowing glucose to diffuse into the cell Blood cell iii iii i ii i G G G G G G G G G G G G G G G G G GG G G

15. When glucose levels are low The liver receives glucagon from the pancreas… lets zoom in Liver cells release stored glucose (G) Liver cell Blood glucagon GG G G G G G G G G

16. Major Glands Controls “fight or flight” response Increases breathing, alertness, blood pressure Normal heart beat The hormone epinephrine (adrenaline) increases heart contractions Faster heart beat

17. Female Gonad: influences sexual development Hormones: estrogen, progesterone Major Glands Effects of estrogen: Preserves bone density Develops breasts Matures ovaries Starts the menstrual cycle Delays memory loss

18. Major Glands Male Gonad: influences sexual development Hormone: testosterone Effects of testosterone: Preserves bone density Increases muscle mass Stimulate sperms production Stimulates facial hair growth Sex drive Aggression

19. Senses cold Sends hormone A to the pituitary gland Releases hormone B to thyroid gland Releases hormone C to the body Causes shivering

21. Social Ad campaign from early 1900’s.

31. Pituitary gland Thyroid gland Thymus Adrenal glands Pancreas Ovaries Testes Hypothalamus

32. Practice Quiz 1)What are glands and what do they release? 2)How do steroid and nonsteroid hormones differ? 3)How are steroid and nonsteroid hormones similar? 4)Examine the diagram from the previous slide. Practice identifying the major glands. 5)Name the gland that performs the following actions. a)releases insulin to lower blood sugar levels? b)increases your alertness and blood pressure? c)helps your white blood cells mature? d)is located atop your kidneys? e)are found in your brain (two answers)? f)is considered your body’s thermostat?