1. Ch.20 An Industrial Society, 1860 - 1914 The growth of industry and big business changes the nation

2. Ch.20.1 Academic vocabulary petroleum patent business cycle Bessemer steel process generator Thomas Alexander Graham Bell Centennial Exhibition Oily, flammable liquid used in making kerosene Document giving inventors sole rights to make and sell their products Pattern of good and bad economic times Technique that produced steel more cheaply Machine that produced electric current Inventor who developed a practical light bulb and found the most ways to use electricity Inventor who developed the first telephone A public fair celebrating America’s 100th birthday

3. Ch.20.1 The Growth of Industry The Growth of industry during the years 1860 to 1914 transforms life in America. The Industrial Revolution – 1. Describe two factors that helped the nation’s industries to grow. Drilling for petroleum (oil liquid) spur oil industry Several factors cause industry, factory production to spread in U.S. – natural resources allowed industries to make a variety of goods; – growing population increased demand for goods; – improved transportation made it easier to ship goods; Steamboats, canals, and railroads – High immigration immigrants supplied labor – New inventions A patent is a government document giving an inventor the sole right to sell his/her invention for a specific number of years. – Investment capital – Government assistance Which factor do you believe was the most important in increasing industry (business) and factory production? Which factor do you believe had negative consequences? Explain.

4. Ch.20.1 The Growth of Industry The Growth of industry during the years 1860 to 1914 transforms life in America. The Business Cycle – 2. What is the difference between an economic boom and bust? Business Cycle – period of good, bad times for industry and business During good times, called booms, people buy and invest more – A boom is when people spend more and invest in business; During bad times, called busts, people spend and invest less. U.S. experiences harsh depressions in 1873 and 1893 – a bust is when people buy and invest less. Despite depressions, U.S. industry grows (1860-1900) Why does economy grow during a boom? How did the Panic of 1873 and 1893 affect industry and workers?

5. Ch.20.1 The Growth of Industry The Growth of industry during the years 1860 to 1914 transforms life in America. Steel: The Backbone of industry – 3. How did the Bessemer steel process lead to an increase in steel output? Bessemer steel process – new steel-making method, uses less coal – It greatly reduced the cost of making steel and thus allowed manufacturers to make more Cuts cost of steel, U.S. steel output increases 500 times (1867-1900) Begin making many products, including rails for railroads, from steel Which industries benefited from the steel products mentioned?

6. Ch.20.1 The Growth of Industry The Growth of industry during the years 1860 to 1914 transforms life in America. Edison and Electricity – 4. What were the most important inventions of Thomas Edison and Alexander Graham Bell? Generators – machines that produce electric current Thomas Edison opens lab (1876) invents devices that use electricity – Edison—practical light bulb; Receives over 1,000 U.S. patents Makes safe, steady light bulb, soon part of NYC has electric lighting How did inventions of the 19 th century change the way of life in America?

7. Ch.20.1 The Growth of Industry The Growth of industry during the years 1860 to 1914 transforms life in America. Bell and the Telephone – 4. What were the most important inventions of Thomas Edison and Alexander Graham Bell? Samuel Morse develops the telegraph (1835) Alexander Graham Bell invents the telephone (1876) Shows telephone in Philadelphia at Centennial Exhibition, June (1876) Centennial Exhibition – exhibition celebrates 100 th birthday of U.S.

8. Ch.20.1 The Growth of Industry The Growth of industry during the years 1860 to 1914 transforms life in America. Inventions change industry – 5. What practice did the sewing machine help to discourage? Telephone industry grows, 50,000 telephones sold by 1880 Switchboard allows more people to connect into telephone networks Christopher Latham Sholes invents first practical typewriter (1867) Elias Howe invents sewing machine, increases store-bought clothes and discourages the practice of making clothes at home Granville T. Woods patents devices to improve telephone and telegraph Margaret Knight invents machines for packaging and shoemaking How did inventions of the 19 th century change the way of life in America?

9. Ch.20.2 Academic vocabulary transcontinental railroad standard time A railroad that spanned the entire continent System that divided the country into four time zones

10. Ch.20.2 Railroads Transform the Nation The railroads tie the nation together, speeds industrial growth and changes U.S. life Deciding to Span the Continent – 1. What two companies were in charge of building the transcontinental railroad? – U.S. wants transcontinental railroad – spans entire continent Two companies build transcontinental railroad: – Central Pacific build railroad east from California – Union Pacific build railroad west from Nebraska Railroad Companies sell land given to them by government, and raise money Union Pacific lays first rail, July (1865) Why did Americans want to build a transcontinental railroad? How was the transcontinental railroad financed?

11. Ch.20.2 Railroads Transform the Nation The railroads tie the nation together, speeds industrial growth and changes U.S. life Building the Railroad – 2. List the main groups that helped to build the transcontinental railroad. Central Pacific hires thousands of Chinese to work railroad Chinese are efficient, hard working, fearless and healthy Union Pacific hires mostly former soldiers, freed slaves, Irish immigrants, and Native Americans Where did the Union Pacific get workers?

12. Ch.20.2 Railroads Transform the Nation The railroads tie the nation together, speeds industrial growth and changes U.S. life Railroads Tie the Nation together – 3. Where did the nation’s first transcontinental railroad meet? Central Pacific workers lay 690 miles of track Union Pacific workers lay 1,086 miles of track Central Pacific, Union Pacific railroads join (May 10, 1869) Union Pacific-Central Pacific line 1 st transcontinental railroad. Met in Promontory, Utah By 1895, 4 more U.S. lines are built across country What happened in the railroad industry after the transcontinental railroad was built?

13. Ch.20.2 Railroads Transform the Nation The railroads tie the nation together, speeds industrial growth and changes U.S. life Railroad Time Before railroads each community determines it own time Use “solar time” based on calculations about sun’s travels Problematic for people traveling by train across time zones Railroad companies set up standard time – divides U.S. into 4 time zones – Pacific, Mountain, Central, Eastern Congress adopts standard time in 1918 Why did the country need a standard time?

14. Ch.20.2 Railroads Transform the Nation The railroads tie the nation together, speeds industrial growth and changes U.S. life Economic and Social changes – 4. Name an economic and social change brought on by the railroads. Railroad changes people’s lives in many ways: – Links the economies of the West and East – Help people settle the West – Weakens the Native American hold on the West – Gives people more control of the environment – economic— linked the economies of the West and East; – social— allowed people to live where they wanted; lessened Native American hold on West Which change brought by the Railroad was the best in your opinion? Support your opinion.

15. Ch.20.3 Academic vocabulary robber baron corporation John D. Rockefeller Andrew Carnegie Business person who became wealthy through dishonest methods Business owned by investors who bought stock in the company Leader of the oil industry Leader of the steel industry

16. Ch.20.3 Academic vocabulary monopoly trust philanthropist Gilded Age Company that has sole control of an industry A legal body created to hold stock in many companies A person who gives away large sums of money to charities Term used to describe a time of both tremendous wealth and poverty in the late 1800s

17. Ch.20.3 The Rise of Big Business Business leaders guide industrial expansion and create new ways of doing business The growth of Corporations – 1. What advantages do corporations have over small businesses? Corporation – investors own part of business through shares of stock A corporation has many advantages over privately owned businesses: – Raise a lot of money by selling stock (Going Public) – Has special legal status, banks more likely to loan money – Limits risk to investors Few U.S. laws regulate corporations, a few big corporations dominate How did business change in the late 1800s? What advantages do corporations have that smaller businesses do not have?

18. Ch.20.3 The Rise of Big Business Business leaders guide industrial expansion and create new ways of doing business The Oil and Steel Industries – 2. Describe the different ways in which Rockefeller and Carnegie gained control of their industries. John D. Rockefeller dominates the oil industry – Rockefeller wiped out competitors by buying them, by secret deals, and by establishing a giant trust; Rockefeller creates a monopoly – wipes out competitors, controls industry Creates trust – legal boy, has stock in companies, often in 1 industry Trusts formed in other industries, government slow to regulate – Oil = Rockefeller controls oil industry seen as a robber baron – dishonest business leader – Steel = Andrew Carnegie controls the steel industry Carnegie took control of the means of production to do away with competition

19. Ch.20.3 The Rise of Big Business Business leaders guide industrial expansion and create new ways of doing business The Oil and Steel Industries Andrew Carnegie beats competition by making better, cheaper steel Buys mines that supply his iron ore, buys ships, railroads that ship ore Rockefeller, Carnegie are philanthropists – give much money to charities What methods did Rockefeller use to gain control of the oil industry? How did Carnegie’s methods of gaining control of the steel industry differ from Rockefeller? What do you think made Rockefeller and Carnegie successful?

20. Ch.20.3 The Rise of Big Business Business leaders guide industrial expansion and create new ways of doing business The Gilded Age – 3. What problems in society did the visible wealth of a small group mask? Success of multimillionaires make other believe they can grow rich Horatio Alger writes stories about poor boys becoming successful For rich, late 1800s was a time of fabulous wealth Writers name era the Gilded Age: – To gild means to coat an object with gold leaf. – Age has glimmer of wealth – Hides societies problems – widespread political corruption and poverty What were some of the characteristics of the “Gilded Age”? Why is that name appropriate for the era?

21. Ch.20.3 The Rise of Big Business Business leaders guide industrial expansion and create new ways of doing business The South Remains Agricultural – 4. Why was the South so much less industrial than the North? – The Civil War had left the South in ruins, and much of the land was given over to sharecropping. In South, industry grows in certain areas – Birmingham, Alabama develops iron and steel production – Cotton Mills open from Southern Virginia to Alabama South remains mostly agricultural, often land rented to sharecroppers – Sharecroppers make little money and struggle to break free of debt – Why was it difficult for sharecroppers to break free of debt?

22. Ch.20.4 Academic vocabulary sweatshop Knights of Labor socialism Haymarket Affair Place where workers labored long hours for little pay Prominent workers’ union Economic system in which all members of society are equal owners of all businesses A conflict between police and union members in Chicago in May 1886

23. Ch.20.4 Academic vocabulary Pullman Strike Eugene V. Debs Samuel Gompers American Federation of Labor (AFL) strike that spread throughout the rail industry American Railway Union president U.S. labor leader National organization of unions that Gompers helped to found

24. Ch.20.4 Workers Organize To increase their ability to bargain with management, workers form labor unions. Workers face hardships – 1. What hardships did many workers face during the late 1800s? Unsafe conditions; long hours and low pay were hardships of the 1800s Business owners run factories cheaply as possible to make a larger profit: – Some require workers to buy own tools, bring coal to heat factories – Other refuse to buy safety equipment Use sweatshops – places where workers labor long hours for low pay Factory, sweatshop work boring, barely earn enough to pay debts Labor unions – groups of workers negotiate for better conditions and pay Why do you think families sent their children to work? How and why did workers try to improve working conditions in the late 1800s?

25. Ch.20.4 Workers Organize To increase their ability to bargain with management, workers form labor unions. Early Unions – 2. What did the Railroad Strike of 1877 demonstrate? Knights of labor – federation of workers from different trades U.S. has economic depression (1873), may workers take pay cuts West Virginia railroad workers strike with no union (1877) demonstrating how angry American workers had become Workers in many cities, other industries join strike, mob violence Strike ends in 2 weeks, workers take pay cuts Railroad workers, Knights of labor strike (1884-1885), win. How did the Knights of Labor differ from other labor unions? What were the effects of the depression of 1873 for workers?

26. Ch.20.4 Workers Organize To increase their ability to bargain with management, workers form labor unions. Union Setbacks – 3. What effect did the violent episode in Chicago have on unions? Socialism – all members of society are equal owners of all businesses, and should receive equal. Anarchists – want to abolish all governments Business, government fear unions spread socialism and anarchy Try to break unions, hire strikebreakers, replace striking union members Haymarket affair – union leaders, police clash, several are killed I Its leaders were arrested and opposition to unions increased. Many union leaders, socialists, and anarchists are arrested. What were the causes and effects of the Haymarket affair? What are your overall thoughts of socialism? Good idea or bad idea? Explain.

27. Ch.20.4 Workers Organize To increase their ability to bargain with management, workers form labor unions. The Homestead and Pullman Strikes – 4. How were the Homestead and Pullman strikes a defeat for the unions? Andrew Carnegie reduces pay in steel mills, Homestead, Pennsylvania – Union workers strike, fight with guards, 10 dead strike collapses Pullman company cuts pay, does not reduce rent for workers’ housing – Union president Eugene v. Debs starts Pullman Strike – Pullman strike – workers do not handle Pullman cars Rail traffic halts, President Cleveland sent in U.S. troops to end strike, Debs is jailed Why did businesses and government leaders fear unions?

28. Ch.20.4 Workers Organize To increase their ability to bargain with management, workers form labor unions. Gompers Founds the AFL – 5. How did the American Federation of Labor win better conditions for workers? Procter and Gamble give workers more time off, starts profit-sharing Union leader Samuel Gompers helps start organization of unions (1886) Organization of unions is called American Federation of Labor (AFL) Using strikes, negotiations, AFL wins better working hours, pay through strikes, boycotts, and negotiation How did the AFL improve working conditions for its members?

29. Unions – For or Against Based on your knowledge of Unions, write and editorial or draw a small public message poster below to support or discourage unions.

30. FrontierSitting bullHomestead ActGold Standard William Jennings BryanExodusterSodbusterGrange CooperativePopulist PartyGeorge CusterBattle of Little Big Horn Wounded Knee MassacreDawes ActHomesteadMexicanos Buffalo soldiersWilliam “Buffalo Bill” CodyGreat PlainsBoomtown Long driveVaqueroVigilanteReservation Sand Creek MassacreAmerican Federation of Labor Samuel GompersEugene V. Debs PetroleumPatentBusiness cycleBessemer steel process GeneratorThomas EdisonAlexander Graham BellCentennial Exhibition Transcontinental RailroadStandard timeRobber baronCorporation John D. RockefellerAndrew CarnegieMonopolyTrust PhilanthropistGilded AgeSweatshopKnights of Labor SocialismHaymarket AffairPullman Strike