1. © Mark Batik Jesuit College Preparatory

2.  Comparisons  1865—35,000 miles of steam rail  1900—192,556 miles  Pacific Railway Act (1862)  Why 1862?  How did it work?  Military and Postal Justification  Provides for transition of cities and towns because of commerce

3.  1 st Transcontinental Rail is the junction of the Union Pacific and Central Pacific  Omaha to Sacramento  Meet near Ogden, Utah in 1869 w As significant as the landing on the moon w The continent could now be crossed in a week

7.  States and localities provide ~$500 million  Federal Loans  Checkerboard pattern  Incentive for railroads because they have land to sell

9.  Consolidation  Advancements  Steel (Bessemer Process)  Standard Gauge  Air Brakes  Personal Travel

10.  Uniting of the nation  Market for goods (A national market)  Spurs industrialization  Spurs mining and agriculture  City Migration  Immigration  New Wealth

11.  Corruption  Stock Watering  Over inflated claims of worth  Results in high rates and competition Source: Frank Bellew, New York Daily Graphic, April 14, 1874—American Social History Project.

12.  Must contend with the Jefferson/Jackson ideal: non- interference, American dream  Depression in the 1870s motivates action  More evidence of a transition to a more regulatory and involved federal government

13.  Munn case (Munn v. Illinois (1877))— Property cloaked in the public interest  Wabash case ( Wabash, St. Louis & Pacific Railway Company v. Illinois (1886)  Interstate Commerce Act 1887 passed in response  stops rebates/pools  requires publishing of rates  stop price discrimination  sets up Interstate Commerce Commission