1. STEALTH TECHNOLOGY IN
AIRCRAFT

2. BRIEFING ABOUT THE TECHNOLOGY
Stealth aircraft are aircraft that use stealth technology to
make it harder to be detected by radar and other means than
Conventional aircraft by employing a combination of features
to reduce visibility in the visual, audio, infrared and radio
frequency (RF) spectrum. Well known examples include the
United States' F-117 Nighthawk (1980s-2008), the B-2 Spirit
"Stealth Bomber," and the F-22 Raptor.

3. Stealth is accomplished by using a complex design philosophy
to reduce the ability of an opponent's sensors to detect, track
and attack an aircraft .
Modern stealth aircraft first became possible when a
mathematician working for Lockheed Aircraft during the 1970s
adopted a mathematical model developed by Petr Ufimtsev, a
Russian scientist, to develop a computer program called Echo 1.

4. Principles Of Radar
Echo made it possible to predict the radar signature an aircraft
made with flat panels, called facets.
Echo can be considered as a wave bouncing off the surface and
coming back to source.
This principle can be used to detect time and distance of target .
Doppler shift is second principle of radar.
This can b used to detect the speed of target approaching..

5. Reduced radar cross section is only one of five factors that
designers addressed to create a truly stealthy design. Designers
also addressed making the aircraft less visible to the naked eye,
controlling radio transmissions, and noise abatement.
The first combat use of stealth aircraft was in December 1989
during Operation Just Cause in Panama. In 1991, F-117s were
tasked with attacking the most heavily fortified targets in Iraq
and were the only jets allowed to operate inside Baghdad's
city limits

6. Attention towards these aircrafts is made after persian war II ,91
Night-enhanced images of the otherworldly-shapedF-117s taking off in the night and striking high-value targets with scarcely believable precision and seeming invulnerability to thick air defences were widely televised and etched in the memories of TV viewers worldwide.
Loss of at least one F-117 in Kosovo, has peeled off some of the mythical cloak surrounding stealth.

7. Different technologies and strategies for STEALTH
Ben Rich, the leader of the Lockheed team that designed the F-117,
has stated:
"A stealth aircraft has to be stealthy in six disciplines: radar,
infrared, visual, acoustic, smoke and contrail. If you don't do that, you
flunk the course."

8. Different technologies and strategies for stealth are the province
of land, naval and underwater forces.
Underwater warfare will naturally hand dominance to the acoustic
spectrum
Land combat will emphasize visual, infra-red and acoustic
signatures.
Radar and (to a lesser extent) infrared bands dominate the scene of
airspace surveillance, and so they have to be given higher priority
when thinking the applications in air warfare.

9. Signature Of A Vehicle
The signature can be stated as any activity or radiation or characteristic
of the body that help to revile its presence at a particular point.
Observability of an object on detection system can b called as signature
of vehicle.
All detection methods used either in military or civil applications use
signature of body as reference to detect that object.

10. RADAR REFLECTIVITY
All radar systems, from an AWACS to police speed radar, work in the
same principle :
A certain amount of electromagnetic energy
is transmitted through a directional antenna, which focuses it into a
conical beam. When a reflective target blocks part of the beam, that
part of the beam is reflected in many different directions, or "scattered."
If the scattering is fairly random, as is usually the case, some energy
will be reflected in the direction of the radar antenna. Most radar
transmits this energy in pulses, thousands of them every second.

11. In the gaps between the pulse transmissions, the radar becomes a
receiver, and the gaps are carefully chosen to be just long enough for the
signal to make its way to the target and back at the speed of light1.
The time interval between the transmission and reception of the
pulse gives the range from the radar to the target.
The radar antenna moves at a pre-determined regular rate, so the time at
which the target moves in and out of the beam can be tied to the
position of the antenna, giving the target's bearing from the location
of the radar.

12. Comparison between Human Eye & Radar
Humans see in a world which is saturated with visible light, so that
almost every square inch of it reflects some light toward us at all times .
The radar only "sees" the energy that is reflected toward it. The radar
can detect a target ONLY when its antenna captures enough energy to
rise above the electronic noise that is invariably present in the receiver.

13. Variables in the Transmission-scattering-Reflection
They all affect the maximum range of the above process. They are :
- The strength of the outgoing signal
- The width of the beam
- The size of the antenna
- The reflectivity, or RCS, of the target.

14. Process Diagram Enemy Aircraft AWACS Conical Beam Reflected Beam
Scattered Rays
AWACS

15. RCS

16. RCS Radar Cross Section
Out of radar designer’s control.
RCS not directly proportional to detection range because of radial
scattering effects and cannonical beam of radar.
Radar cross section is the measure of a targets ability to reflect radar
signals in the direction of the radar reciever i.e per unit solid angle.
The conceptual definition of rcs includes the fact that not all of the
radiating energy falls on the target .

17. RCS The rcs is easily visualized as product of three factors.
Rcs (⌐)=projected cross section *reflectivity*directivity.
reflectivity=the percentage of power reradiated(scattered) by the target .
Directivity=the ratio of power scattered back in radar direction.

18. RADIATION SCATTERING BY TARGET
The sphere is essentially same in almost all directions i.e. 360 degree
The flat plane has has almost no rcs except when aligned directly towards radar i.e. 90 degree
The corner reflector has an rcs almost high as flat plane over a wider angle i.e. 60 degree.

19. Minimizing Rcs GEOMETRIC DESIGN RADAR ABSORBENT MATERIALS
Conventional aircraft use round shape cone as it support principle of aerodynamics.
The stealth aircraft is made up of flat surface and very sharp edges
Radar signal heating the stealth plane are scattered in all directions by this.
Metallic surfaces generally reflect the radar signals.
There stealth aircraft should be coated with radar absorbent materials.
Which deflect and absorbed incoming radar waves and reduce the detection range.
Radar absorbent layer is present below the surface coating of aircraft using corner reflector.

20. Minimizing Rcs
GEOMETRIC DESIGN
RADAR ABSORBENT MATERIALS

21. Visual stealth
Low visibility is desirable for all military applications
Earlier stealth aircraft were painted black and thus could be used during nights
Now days an electro chromic polymer is being developed for daytime stealth
These polymer sheets sense nature of the surrounding and change there color accordingly

22. Visual stealth

23. Infra-red stealth
Infra-red radiation are emitted by all matter above absolute temperature zero
Hot zones such as engine exhaust , wing surface [ friction due to air ] get heated which rather increases the visibility
These part should be kept cool as possible it can be
Option would be mixing of cool air with the hot engine exhaust

24. Infra-red stealth

25. Acoustic stealth
Acoustic cells involves the sound waves to detect the target
Knowing the fact that’s sound waves moves too slowly as compared to radio wave so it functionality should be directed towards low altitude flying aircraft and pre-dominantly ships and submarines.

26. Plasma stealth
In this stealth the aircraft injects a stream of ionized gas which envelopes the aircraft due to which most of the radar wave are observe this make the aircraft completely invisible

27. Advantages of stealth Reduces the causality rates during war
Saving military budget
Develop the military secretes
Bluff the anti-detective device

28. Issues with stealth
Stealth aircraft cannot fly as fast as conventional aircraft
Can carry limited amount of load
Very economic B-2 cost [ $2 billion ] ,F-22 [$100 million ]
Wing shape does not provide the optimum the lift.

29. Conclusion
Well to conclude the current scenario appears some things similar to the cold war both sides are accumulating weapons to counter each other and each side can be termed as ‘stealth technology’ and the other as ‘anti-stealth technology’.
Its an arm race except it isn’t between specific countries .

30. THANK YOU !

31. IF ANY ?