1. PHOBIAS & BRAIN DISORDERS

2. intense and persistent fear of certain situations, activities, things, animals, or people PHOBIA from the Greek phobos - fear, morbid fear

3. emotional response learned because of difficult life experiences occur when fear produced by a threatening situation is transmitted to other similar situations the original fear is often repressed or forgotten individual attempts to avoid that situation in the future fear is beyond one's control, and is interfering with daily life PHOBIAS

4. linked to the amygdala amygdala secretes hormones that control fear and aggression releases hormones into the body to put the human body into an "alert" state defensive "alert" state and response is generally referred to in psychology as the fight-or-flight response PHOBIA & ANATOMY

5. clinical = anxiety disorders covering several different forms of abnormal and pathological fear and anxiety most phobias are classified into three categories 1) Social phobia (fears involving other people) 2) Specific phobia (fear of a single specific panic trigger) 3) Agoraphobia (generalized fear of leaving home/a safe place) most individuals understand that they are suffering from an irrational fear, but they are powerless to override their initial panic reaction Clinical phobias

6. negative attitudes towards certain categories of people or other things fear, dislike, disapproval, prejudice, hatred, discrimination, or hostility towards the object of the "phobia“ Chemophobia - prejudice against artificial substances in favor of "natural" substances. Ephebiphobia - fear or dislike of youth or adolescents. Homophobia - fear or dislike of homosexuals or homosexuality. Xenophobia- fear or dislike of strangers or the unknown Non-clinical phobias

7. neurological disorders can be caused by: 1) injuries 2) diseases 3) inherited disorders 4) environmental health problems manifestations: 1) physical and mental dysfunctions (Aphasia, Amnesia, paralyzing…) 2) social/behavioral dysfunction (autism, asperger’s syndrome,…) Brain disorders

8. Alzheimer most common form of dementia; starting with memory loss and difficulty to remember recent things; ending with total loss of memory and speech Autism disorder of neural development characterized by impaired social interaction and communication, and by restricted and repetitive behavior (Asperger) Aphasia inability to speak Paralysis inability to move certain parts of the body e.g.. paraplegia Tourette syndrome presence of multiple physical tics and at least one vocal tic. “Popular” dysfunctions