1. Bell Work What is the difference between: Nationality Ethnicity Race
How would you define your own nationality, ethnicity and race?

2. Ethnic Tension Between States and Groups
Objective: Discuss the differences between race, ethnicity and nationality. Analyze the effects of countries with great ethnic diversity.

3. Ethnicities and Nationalities in the British Isles
4 principal ethnicities
English (descendants of Germanic tribes)
Welsh (Celtic people)
Scots (Celtic people)
Irish (Celtic people)
2 nationalities
British (Great Britain/Northern Island)
Irish (Republic of Ireland)

4. Nationalism
Politicians and governments try to instill loyalty through nationalism
Loyalty and devotion to a nationality, promotes of sense of national consciousness that exalts one nation above all others
Ways to show nationalism?
Positive impacts of nationalism?
Negative impacts of nationalism?
Example of a centripetal force – attitude that tends to unify people and enhance support for the state

5. Conflicts Conflict can happen when:
There are several ethnicities within one nation
Lebanon, Sri Lanka, Iraq, Iran, Afghanistan, Pakistan, (United States??)
Ethnic groups are split between several nations
India/Pakistan, the Kurds (Iran, Iraq, Syria and Turkey)

6. Ethnicities in the Caucasus
The Caucasus region is extremely diverse ethnically. Ethnic groups are spread across several national boundaries.

7. Ethnicity in the Horn of Africa
There have been numerous interethnic civil conflicts in the countries of the
Horn of Africa (including the Sudan, Ethiopia, Eritrea, and Somalia).

8. Clashes of Ethnicities
Ethiopia and Eritrea – After WWII the United Nations awarded Eritrea to Ethiopia. Ethiopia dissolved Eritrea’s legislature and banned the use of their local language. Eritreans rebelled, beginning a 30- year fight for independence Eritrea became an independent state. Ethiopia and Eritrea fought again in about a border dispute and Ethiopia defeated Eritrea in 2000.
Sudan – In Sudan a civil war has raged since the 1980’s between, the black Christian and animist rebels in the southern part of the country and the Arab- Muslims in the north. The black southerners have been resisting government attempts to convert the country to one nationality tied to Muslim traditions.
As of July 9, 2011, South Sudan has become its own country with Sudan to the north.
Somalia – With the collapse of a national government, various clans claimed control over portions of the country. 300,000 people died from famine and warfare between clans.

9. Ethnic Diversity in Various Countries
Lebanon (Maronite Christians (Phoenicians), Shiite Muslims, Sunni Muslims, Druze (Arabs)
Concentrated in different areas of the very small country
Civil war between 1975 and 1990, End of war – each religion given half of Parliament seats
Iraq (Arabs – both Sunni and Shiite Muslims, Kurds) - Live in different areas
U.S. invaded and removed Saddam Hussein from power, became involved in a violent struggle among ethnic groups
Kurds supported U.S., Sunni and Shiite Muslims opposed but for different reasons
Most Iraqis have stronger loyalty to a tribe or clan

10. Ethnic groups divided among nationalities
Kurds – Sunni Muslims, distinctive literature, dress and other cultural traditions
Divided among several countries in western Asia (Turkey, Iraq, Iran, Syria and others)
European Allies of WWI created an independent state of Kurdistan but Turks expanded territory under their control before treaty was ratified
Kurdistan became part of Turkey and disappeared as an independent state
Kurdish culture repeatedly suppressed, use of Kurdish language made illegal
Many unsuccessful attempts at independence – an ethnicity with no corresponding Kurdish state – stateless nation

11. Ethnic Diversity in Various Countries
Sri Lanka (Sinhalese, Tamils, Moors)
War between Sinhalese (Buddhist, Indo-European language) and Tamils Hindu, Dravidian language) ( )
Sinhalese dominated government, Tamils feel they suffer discrimination
Tamils defeated in 2009, feel their defeat jeopardizes their ethnic identity

12. Ethnic Diversity in Various Countries
Iran (Persian, Azeri, Baluchi)
Persians – Shiite Muslims
Pakistan (Punjabi, Baluchi, Pashtun)
Punjabi – most numerous ethnicity since ancient times
Punjabi converted to Islam
Fighting between Pakistan’s army and supporters of the Taliban forced Pakistanis to leave their homes and move into camps

13. Ethnic Diversity in Various Countries
Afghanistan (Pashtun, Tajik, Hazara)
Current unrest dates from 1979 – rebellion by several ethnic groups against the government which was being defended by the Soviet Union
Soviet Union withdrew in 1989, Soviet installed government fell in 1992
Faction of Pashtun (Taliban) gained control, imposed strict laws

14. Ethnic groups divided among nationalities
End of British colonial rule divided Indian subcontinent into India and Pakistan (2 separate areas)
East Pakistan became Bangladesh in 1971
Pakistan – Muslim
India – Hindu
Massive migrations because boundaries did not correspond precisely with territory inhabited by the 2 groups – led to killings by extremists
Region of Kashmir is disputed between Pakistan and India, 2 sides have maintained a “line of control”
Sikhs also fighting for independent state in India

15. Jammu and Kashmir Although its population is mainly Muslim, much of
Jammu and Kashmir became
part of India in India
and Pakistan have fought two
wars over the territory, and
there has been a separatist
insurgency in the area.

16. Vice Episode
As you watch the episode over the dispute of the Kashmir region between India and Pakistan, describe how the following issues outside of ethnicity and religion play a role in the conflict:
Presence of nuclear weapons
Fighting between Pakistan’s army and supporters of the Taliban
Sustainability of resources such as water