1. The Colonies Become New Nations Chapter 18 Section 1 The Indian Subcontinent Achieves Freedom

2. A Movement Toward Independence ► Struggling Against British Rule  Indian independence movement intensifies after WWII ► Country is split  Animosity between Hindus and Muslims  Congress Party ► Leading independence party  Most members Hindu  Muslim League ► Group formed to protect Muslim interests ► Muhammad Ali Jinnah  Muslim League leader

3. Freedom Brings Turmoil ► Partition and Bloodshed  British split India into two countries ► India – Hindu ► Pakistan – Muslim  Grants independence to both 1947  Millions leave their homes to resettle ► Hindu-Muslim violence erupts  One million die  Gandhi assassinated ► Assassin opposed Gandhi’s support of Muslim rights ► The Battle for Kashmir  India and Pakistan fight over Kashmir ► Region in northern India  Cease-fire in 1949 ► Battle for region continues

4. Modern India ► Nehru Leads India  Jawaharlal Nehru ► First Prime Minister  17 years ► Pushes economic and social reforms ► Leads alliance of neutral countries in Cold War ► Troubled Times  Indira Gandhi ► Rules 1966-1984 ► Faces opposition from Sikhs  Assassinated by Sikh bodyguards ► Son Rajiv becomes prime minister  Assassinated in 1991 ► Twenty-first Century Challenges  One of world’s most populous nations  Problems ► Population ► Social ► Religious  Continues struggles with Pakistan ► Both become nuclear powers

5. End of Part I

6. Pakistan Copes with Freedom ► Civil War  Pakistan begins as two separate states ► West Pakistan  Houses government ► East Pakistan  More populous  Declares independence in 1971  Civil War Erupts ► East wins  Becomes new nation of Bangladesh ► A Pattern of Instability  Many different governments rule Pakistan ► None achieve stability  Benazir Bhutto ► Leads Pakistan in 1980s- 1990s ► Military now rules

7. Bangladesh and Sri Lanka Struggle ► Bangladesh Faces Many Problems  Struggles with political instability  Economic hardship  Endures many natural disasters ► Storms ► Cyclones ► Civil Strife Grips Sri Lanka  Island nation wins independence in 1948  Population split ► Buddhist Sinhalese ► Hindu Tamils  Tamils begin fighting for own state ► Struggle continues today