1. Modern World History Unit 5, Assign. #1 Ag;jdshgadha;g

2. Chapter 14, Section 4 Nationalism in India flag of India (right)

3. Indian Nationalism Grows (#1) Two groups rid India of foreign rule: – Indian National Congress (Hindus-see symbol below left) – Muslim League (Muslims-see symbol below right)

4. World War I Increases Nationalist Activity Until WWI, the vast majority of Indians had little interest in independence The British promised reforms in return for service during WWI, but Britain did not fulfill its promise (#2) Radical nationalists carried out acts of violence British passed the Rowlett Act in 1919 allowing the government to jail protestors without trial for as long as two years (#3) Sir Sidney Arthur Taylor Rowlatt (20 July 1862 - 1 March 1945) was an English lawyer and judge, best remembered for his controversial presidency of the Rowlatt committee, The committee gave rise to the Rowlatt Act, an extension of the Defense of India Act 1915.

5. Amritsar Massacre (#4) In protest of Rowlett Acts 10,000 Hindus and Muslims flocked to Amritsar in 1919 where they fasted, prayed, and listened to political speeches The British had banned public meetings. The British commander of Amritsar ordered British troops to fire on the crown without warning for 10 minutes 400 Indians were killed and 1,200 were wounded Almost overnight the Amritsar Massacre changed millions of Indians from loyal British subjects into Indian nationalists Colonel Reginald Edward Harry Dyer nicknamed “The Butcher of Amritsar” was the commander responsible for ordering the firing on civilians, including women and children.

6. .303 Lee-Enfield Rifle The troops who fired on the unarmed civilian crowd were armed with.303 Lee-Enfield rifles.

7. Charles Freer Andrews He was a Church of England priest who favored Indian independence and became a close friend of Mohandas Gandhi. He called the Amritsar Massacre a “cold- blooded massacre and inhumane.”

8. Gandhi's Tactics of Nonviolence (#5) Mohandas K. Gandhi emerged as the leader of the independence movement Gandhi’s strategy involved his deeply religious approach to political activity He blended ideas of all the major world’s religions He came to be called Mahatma (meaning “great soul”)

9. Noncooperation (#5) Gandhi urged the Indian National Congress to follow a policy of noncooperation with the British government In 1920, the Congress Party endorsed civil disobedience (the deliberate and public refusal to obey an unjust law) Gandhi launched his civil disobedience campaign to weaken British authority and economic power

10. Boycotts of British Goods (#5) Gandhi asks Indians to refuse to buy British goods, attend government schools, pay British taxes, or vote in elections Gandhi also staged a boycott of British cloth – He urged all Indians to weave their own cloth – He himself spent two hours a day spinning his own yarn – The sale of British cloth in India dropped sharply

11. Strikes and Demonstrations (#5) Civil disobedience took economic toll on the British 1920 British arrest thousands of Indians who took part in strikes and demonstrations In spite of please for nonviolence, protests led to riots

12. The Salt March In 1930, Gandhi organized the Salt March in protest of the Salt Acts – Indians could only buy salt from the government which was taxed – Gandhi and followers marched 240 miles to the sea where the people made their own salt Some demonstrators marched to a British salt processing plant but were met with violence About 60,000 people, including Gandhi, were arrested during demonstrations against the salt tax

13. Britain Grants Limited Self-Rule (#6) In 1935, the British Parliament passed the Government of India Act – Provisions: local self-government granted limited democratic elections – Limits: It did not grant total independence The Government of India Act fueled tensions between Muslims and Hindus – Two groups had different visions for independence – Indian Muslims feared being outnumbered by Indian Hindus Muslim leader Jinnah with Hindu Gandhi

14. Chapter 18, Section 1 Indian Subcontinent Achieves Freedom New nations emerge from the British colony of India

15. Arguments Against Colonies (#7) WWII was a struggle against dictatorships, so many leaders argued that no country should control another nation (like a dictatorship) Others questioned the high cost and commitment to hold colonies (European nations busy rebuilding after the war) The people of colonized nations pressed even harder for their freedom

16. Struggling Against British Rule Indian independence movement intensifies after World War II Country is split; much animosity between Hindus and Muslims Congress Party is leading independence party; most members are Hindu Muslim League—group formed to protect Muslim interests The symbol to the right later becomes the flag of Pakistan

17. Struggling Against British Rule Muhammad Ali Jinnah— Muslim League leader Gandhi’s willingness to work with Muslims angered extremist Hindus

18. Partition and Bloodshed (#8) British adopt a policy of partition—splitting Indian into two countries India would be largely Hindu nation; Pakistan mostly Muslim Great Britain grants independence to both in 1947 Millions leave their homes to resettle in Hindu and Muslim lands Hindu-Muslim violence erupts during this movement; one million die

19. FREEDOM BRINGS TURMOIL A railway station in Punjab during large-scale migration that followed partition of India along religious lines.

20. Partition and Bloodshed Indian independence movement leader Mohandas Gandhi is assassinated by a radical Hindu Nathuram Godse, January 30, 1948 – Assassin opposed Gandhi’s support of Muslim rights – Supporters of Gandhi opposed his death sentence because they say it was against was Gandhi’s principles – He was hanged November 15, 1949 Group photo of the alleged conspirators.

21. The Battle for Kashmir (#10) India and Pakistan fight over Kashmir, a region in northern India Cease-fire in 1949, but disputes over the region continues. In total, India and Pakistan have fought four wars – Indo-Pakistan War of 1947 – Indo-Pakistan War of 1965 – Indo-Pakistan War of 1971 – Indo-Pakistan War of 1999 (minor war)

22. MODERN INDIA

23. Nehru Leads India (#11) Jawaharlal Nehru becomes the first prime minister of independent India Rules for 17 years; pushes for economic reforms (pushed for industrialization) and social reforms (tried to elevate the status of lower classes and women) Leads alliance of countries that were neutral in Cold War (didn’t side with US or the Soviet Union)

24. Troubled Times for India (#12) Nehru’s daughter, Indira Gandhi, rules much of the time from 1966- 1984 She faces opposition from Sikhs, and is assassinated by Sikh bodyguards Her son Rajiv Gandhi becomes prime minister, but is assassinated in 1991

25. Twenty-First Century Challenges (#12) India is one of the world’s most populous nations India faces various population, social, and religious problems India continues struggles with Pakistan; both become nuclear powers Continuing conflict with Pakistan over the territory of Kashmir the Prithvi I missile capable of carrying a nuclear weapon

26. PAKISTAN COPES WITH FREEDOM

27. Civil War in Pakistan (#13) Pakistan begins as two separate and divided states East Pakistan is more populous; West Pakistan houses government East Pakistan declares independence from West Pakistan in 1971 Civil war erupts; East wins, becomes new nation of Bangladesh

28. A Pattern of Instability Many different governments rule Pakistan, but do not achieve stability Benazir Bhutto leads Pakistan in 1980s and into the 1990s but is ousted by the military, and was assassinated in 2007 Pervez Musharraf – a general and a Pakistani politician who seized power in 1999 using the military Musharraf helped the U.S. in its war in Afghanistan, and in exchange his government receives large amounts of aid from the U.S. Musharraf fell from power in 2008 Mamnoon Hussain – elected president in 2013 (more stable now?) Musharraf Bhutto

29. BANGLADESH AND SRI LANKA STRUGGLE

30. Bangladesh Faces Many Problems Bangladesh struggles with political instability; overpopulation, and economic hardships Also endures many natural disasters: storms and cyclones – 1970 (Nov 12) Bhola Cyclone resulted in the deaths of up to 500,000 due mostly to flooding. This was the deadliest tropical cyclone ever recorded

31. Civil Strife Grips Sri Lanka Island of Sri Lanka, formerly Ceylon, wins independence in 1948 Population split between Buddhist Sinhalese and Hindu Tamils Tamils begin fighting for their own state, but they were defeated by the Sri Lankan Army in 2009 Symbol of the Liberation Tigers of Tamil Eelam who sought independence from Sri Lanka. They were defeated in 2009. Island of ←Sri Lanka