2. Study Guide Are you taking your notes???

3. Its TEST TIME!!! Breathe deeply It’s almost Thanksgiving

4. Rocks help us discover Earth's past. They are constantly being reworked. A rock is an aggregate of minerals.

5. There are three types of rocks. They are classified by how they form. Igneous Sedimentary Metamorphic

6. Igneous Igneous means, "formed by fire “ Form by the cooling and crystallization of magma and lava Basalt and granite are common ones. Igneous makes up 95% of the earth's crust Ocean floor—basalt Continents—granite and andesite

7. Sedimentary Formed from weathered materials (sediments) that are carried by wind, water or ice. Most common type on the uppermost part of the Earth's crust.

8. Common typesCommon types of sedimentary rx limestone sandstone shale

9. Metamorphic Formed from preexisting rock (sedimentary, metamorphic, or igneous) Changed by heat, pressure or both Metamorphic means "changed in form"

10. Two Types Of Metamorphism Regional Contact Of Metamorphic Rocks Foliated Non-foliated

11. Mineral Identification Minerals are identified using their physical properties. physical properties. These include crystal form, hardness, cleavage, luster, color, streak, and specific gravity Also fizz, taste, smell

12. Mineral Characteristics A mineral is a naturally occuring, inorganic, solid with a definite chemical composition, an orderly internal structure (crystalline structure), and characteristic set of physical properties

13. Crystal Form Crystal form is caused by the orderly internal arrangement of atoms Quartz is the most commonly identified by its crystal form Not often found because minerals often grow in cramped places

14. Two or more minerals that have the same chemical composition but different crystal structures are called polymorphs.

15. Fizz If a mineral contains CO 3 it will effervesce (fizz) when you drop dilute HCl (hydrochloric acid) on it. Ex. Calcite CaCO 3 The acid frees CO 2 (think of pop)

16. Origin of igneous rocks Igneous rocks are formed by molten material from a volcano or molten material within Earth Temps are 1600 at 60-200 km beneath the surface

17. Classification of Magmas Mafic —high in iron and magnesium Felsic —high in feldspar and silica (quartz) Mafic—50% silica Colors-- black, green, red Intermediate—60% silica Felsic—70% silica Colors-- pink, white, light gray

18. Common Ig Rx The continents are mainly granite The oceans are basalt

19. Volcanoes Volcanoes Volcanoes occur two places: plate boundaries hot spots

20. Hawaii is an example of a hotspot Plate movement oldest youngest Yellowstone is also located over a hotspot.

21. The Cascades are an example of a plate boundary.

22. Three types of volcanoes: Shield Composite Cinder cone

23. Composites are the typical volcano shape. Mt. Saint Helens is a composite Most violent because of high silica content

24. Paracutin, Mexico: cinder cone Steep sides, not held together well made of scoria

25. Shield volcanoes are low with gentle slopes They are the kind in Hawaii Mauna Loa in Hawaii

26. The lava there is mafic The two forms of lava are pahoehoe and aa. Pahoehoe is ropey and aa is like a moving rubble field.

27. Sedimentary rocks Most common rock at Earth's surface Thin blanket over 2/3 of the surface covering igneous and metamorphic rocks

28. Sedimentation Volcanism builds new rocks Weathering breaks them down

29. Two types of weathering: Mechanical and Chemical 1. Mechanical breaks rock into smaller pieces  Frost wedging  Root wedging  Gravity

30. 2. Chemical Reactions with water dissolve rock H 2 O + CO 2 H 2 CO 3 Weak Carbonic acid This is what dissolves limestone and makes caves

31. Erosion Erosion--movement of seds Deposition--seds are deposited  The larger the sediment the harder it is to move.

32. What can move sediments? Wind Water Ice

33. When deposited sediment accumulates, it begins to transform into sedimentary rock

34. Transformation occurs in two ways: Compaction Cementation Calcite, silica, and iron oxide are the most common cements.

35. Clastic sediments bits and pieces of old rock/plants/animals Clastic sedimentary rocks are classified by their sediment size and shape Most common is shale--very fine particles Sandstone—sand sized particles Siltstone—silt size

36. Conglomerate- rounded seds

37. Breccia—angular seds

38. Chemical Sediments Chemical sediments precipitate from water Two types Carbonates Evaporites

39. Carbonates Made of mostly calcite CaCO 3 or CaMgCO 3 Limestone CaCO 3 Dolomite CaMgCO 3

40. Evaporites Evaporites evaporate from water when a basin dries up Gypsum Ca SO 4. H 2 O Halite (Rock Salt) NaCl We find halite in Hutch

41. Metamorphism Change occurs by Recrystallization Often lose H 2 O or CO 2 Mechanical deformation No minerals are melted

42. Two Types Foliated Non foliated

43. Foliated rocks Increasing grades of metamorphism with increasing heat and pressure Slate-Phyllite-Schist-Gneiss

44. Slate-Phyllite-Schist-Gneiss ???????????????????????????? What would rock would come before slate? shale What kind of rock is it? sedimentary What happens after gneiss? (more heat and pressure) melting What kind of rock is it? After cooling it is igneous

45. Slate Very flat--fissile Used for pool tables Roofing they can break along planes of weakness (cleavage) where soft, platy minerals like mica and chlorite grow during metamorphism

46. Schist Flakes of mica visible on surface Often has larger mineral, like garnet schist

47. Gneiss— alternating layers of dark and light minerals Minerals align perpendicular to direction of force

48. Non-foliated— not layered looking formed around igneous intrusions where the temperatures are high but the pressures are relatively low and equal in all directions (confining pressure).

49. Marble Marble forms from metamorphosed limestone CaCO 3 so it fizzes

50. Sediment Metamorphic rock Heat and pressure Sedimentary rock Cementation & compaction Heat and pressure Weathering, erosion and deposition Melting Weathering, erosion and deposition WED igneous magma Cooling and crystallization

51. Study bold words in Sedimentary and Metamorphic Sections

52. Honors Content Bowen’s Reaction Series Ternary Diagrams Igneous Rock Composition Non-silicate Minerals

56. LocationFelsicIntermediateMaficTexture IntrusiveGraniteDioriteGabbroPhaneritic ExtrusiveRhyoliteAndesiteBasaltAphanitic