1. Decolonization 1947-Present: The process of untangling the yoke of imperialist oppression and granting the nationalist struggle for self-determination

2. Results of World War II Defeat of dictatorships. Unparalleled destruction. The decline of colonial powers. The rise of the superpowers and the Cold War. Defeat of dictatorships. Unparalleled destruction. The decline of colonial powers. The rise of the superpowers and the Cold War.

3. The Global South  “The Global South” = formerly labeled “third- world countries” during the Cold War  now often referred to as “developing nations”  “Decolonization” = term for the Global South’s independence from European rule

4. The Global South  Challenges facing the Global South after decolonization:  The legacies of empire  Deep divisions of language, ethnicity, religion, and class  Rapidly growing populations  Competing demands of the capitalist West and the communist East  Developing economies, stable politics, and coherent nations all at the same time

5. The End of Empire in World History  Dissolution of empires = nothing new  Think about the end of older empires  Assyrians, Greeks, Romans, Arabs, Mongols, etc.  What’s different about the end of these empires?  Mobilization of the masses within the colonies around a nationalist ideology  Creation of a large number of independent nation-states following the empire’s breakdown  each claiming an equal place in the world Kwame Nkrumah after leaving prison in 1951 Led Ghana to national independence in 1957

6. Nation-States Created

7. Explaining African and Asian Independence  The “Contradictions” Explanation = fundamental contradictions existed within the entire colonial enterprise that made its demise inevitable Views Held by European Rulers What’s Happening in their Colonies Christianity and material progressRacism, exploitation, and poverty Increasingly democratic valuesRule by dictatorships National self-determinationDenied any opportunities to express their own national character

8. Explaining African and Asian Independence  International circumstances that led to the end of these empires:  Both world wars = weakened Europe  Both world wars = discredited any sense of European moral superiority  U.S. and Soviet Union = new global superpowers = opposed the older European colonial empires  United Nations = platform from which nations could express anticolonial views

9. Explaining African and Asian Independence: Economic and Social Circumstances  By the mid-20 th century = 2 nd and 3 rd generation Western- educated elites (mostly male) had arisen throughout the colonial world  Familiar with European culture and aware of the gaps between its values and its practices  Didn’t see colonial rule as a vehicle for their peoples’ progress  Increasingly insisted on independence

10.  This document from the general Assembly of the United Nations illustrates the enlightened ideals which preceded it on the nature of mankind and that subjugation under imperialism was wrong and its purpose before the whole world was to end all forms of colonialism (social, political, economic and cultural). A excerpt from the United Nations Declaration of Human Rights would add a greater understanding as to both the ideas which inspired this declaration and the cultural ideas espoused amongst member nations of the United Nations. Doc #1 United Nations “Declaration against Colonialism”

11. Doc #2 Edward Morel was a British journalists before the World Wars (1903)  Clearly anti-imperialist, he points out the response to the “white Man’s Burden” by Rudyard Kipling and identifies the exploitative nature of imperialism (ex, diseases, slavery and militarism). A document of those lives lost to capitalistic exploitation of African by the English businessmen would add a further understanding to what Morel is discussing.

12.  Aquino was elected after deposed western-backed leader Marcos was overthrown. As the Philippines had been victim of Spanish and later American and Japanese imperialism, they were finally tasting the components of fair and free elections. Aquino is trying to promote more free elections and democracy identifying that it is just the beginning to form a just society. Her audience is the people of the Philippines. A document from dictator Ferdinand Marcos would aid in understanding what life was like for the people of the Philippines before the election of Aquino. In Document #3 This document from a democratically elected leader of the Philippines illustrates the true nature of decolonized rule

13.  Kenyatta considered the father of independent Kenya was willing to violently resist colonial rule in Africa leading the Mau Mau uprising against the British colonial rule of what would become Kenya. Documents accounting from the casualties of this uprising would indicate the level of violence incurred for the struggle for freedom. Document #4 is from Jomo Kenyatta whose purpose is to fight for freedom from imperialist rule

14.  Unlike Kenyatta in document #4. Nehru is illustrating the nature of peace and tolerance in the transitioning of Indian independence. The non-alignment movement continues the policy toward peace through not choosing sides during the cold war. Documents from spiritual leader Mohandas Gandhi's “Swaraj”-self rule and accounting for his peaceful protests ( Salt March, Home spun movement) would gain a greater understanding into how India peacefully transitioned into their independence in 1947. Another Document from Muhammad Ali Jinnah the first Prime Minister of Pakistan would illustrate the religious conflicts which resulted between India’s Hindu and Pakistan’s Muslim population. Document #5 from India’s first Prime Minister Jwarhal Nehru

15.  Kwame Nkrumah is identifying the economic exploitation of Colonialism and the deep desire for freedom from this oppression. He will achieve it through peaceful protests and a transition similar to India. A document from the Pan-African organization the Organization for African Unity would illustrate the political transition of Africa’s first freed former colony (1957) Document #6 the first free-African ruled country Ghana (formerly Gold Coast)

16.  Illustrates the influence of the French and American revolutions as well as the enlightenment of Vietnam’s struggle for independence. Vietnam would fight the French and later the United States for their nationalistic ambitions even siding with the Soviet Union during the Cold War (proxy wars). An account from the Paris Peace Accords (Versailles treaty) would serve to see just how disillusioned Ho was to not be granted self-determination Document #7 from Vietnamese leader Ho Chi Minh

17. Document #8 illustrates the former colonial holdings of the “West” prior to decolonization.

18. Thesis: After WWII, the nationalist ambitions of colonies coupled with the Enlightened principles espoused within the United Nations led to decolonization throughout Asia and Africa. Transitions to the colonized were sometimes peaceful and complete, sometimes violent and bloody and sometimes came with mixed results. An additional document from a non-Western educated citizen of one of the colonies to illustrate whether they sherd the same perspective as their western educated leaders.

19. Additional Documents: The reason would identify the religious and ethnic claim to a land that will continue to have conflicts and wars over claim and legitimacy to this land(Arab/Israeli wars will continue for the 20 th and 21 st centuries)