2. His 2302 Populism: Brazil, Peru, Argentina, Venezuela, Chile

3. Today’s Class Populism and analysis of theory The Stroessner Regime Analysis of examples in Latin America: Brazil, Peru, Argentina, Venezuela, Chile Analysis and Conclusions

4. Analysis: Describe political strategies. Why are they necessary? Who implements them? Who supports them? What are the results? What is populism?

5. The Stroessner Regime Discussion: 1. Who did indigenous people from Paraguay meet in May of 1988? 2. Why was racial mixture unique in Paraguay? 3. How did Paraguayans treat the native people in the first half of the 20 th Century? 4. How did Stroessner stay in power for so long?

6. Theoretical Background Raul Prebisch, Argentine Economist at Economic Commission L. America Rise of the working classes International Context: European fascism Dependency Theory Import-Substituting Industrialization Strong leaders capitalized on labor forces

7. A. Nationalist Revolution and Populism in Brazil Getulio Vargas: Bourgeoise Revolution, 1930-1954 Dictator (1937-1945, 1950-1954) ended rule in suicide, deposed by military

9. Vargas March to the West

10. 1951, Joao Goulart, Minister of Labor, VP to Vargas, Populist

11. Goulart Presidency 1961-1964 1961, Goulart president (popular opinion and democratization?) Promised broad reforms: bid for leadership in developing world Nationalistic program, Congress limited profit remittances Hydroelectric dams, land reform Results: labor unrest, strikes, inflation frightened middle classes Error: appeal to enlisted soldiers for support over heads of officers -Military Coup: April 1, 1964, five generals ruled 1964- 1985

12. B. Peru 1948 General Manuel Odría overthrew Bustamante Export-led model of growth, dictatorial rule, electoral uncertainty Odría emulated Peron, won 1950 elections, courted workers María Delgado de Odría: mobilized women, suffrage 1955 1963 Fernando Belaúnde, appealing, charismatic politician

13. Fernando Belaunde: 1963-1968 - 1968 Armed Forces seized palace, exiled Belaunde, junta to alter Peru

14. C. Argentina 1943 Colonel Juan Domingo Peron Minister of Labor

15. -Peron recognized the potential of working class -President 1946-1955

16. Peron and Evita

17. -Second wife Evita became a saint to the working classes

18. Fear of Communism: August 1944 “Dear capitalists, don’t be afraid of my unionism; never more than now has capitalism been more secure, since I am also secure; I the owner of a ranch and its workers. What I’m trying to do is to organize the workers under state management, so that the state leads them and shows them the correct path; this way we can neutralize revolutionary ideological currents that could endanger our capitalis society in the post-war world.”

19. Labor Support vs. Co-optation But at what cost to the workers? Co-opted labor movement and tapped its force Unions lost independence, became state- controlled Industrial elite joined forces with agrarian interests to oppose Peron September of 1955, military aligned with workers, ousted the populist leader

20. D. Venezuela -Rómulo Betancourt, Acción Democrática

21. Betancourt’s Populist Program Economic Independence, foreign capital came to dominate ISI Military coup overthrew him in 1948 Returned in 1958 Venezuelan Development Corp “Venezuela must Industrialize or Die” ISI Program Implementation

22. E. Chile Example of populism under Salvador Allende (1970-1973

23. Allende Similar strategy to Peron in 1946 and Castro in 1959: - prices, + wages Boom in consumer buying Significant short-term re-distribution of income Merchant’s inventories quickly depleted, producers limited all production

24. Populist strategy to expand political support amobng working classes Populist periods led in most countries to severe military dictatorships Augusto Pinochet –Dictator of Chile, 1973-1988 Rafael Videla, –Dictator of Argentina, 1976-1981 WHY? Small gp. discussion Group Analysis: What were the political results of populism in Latin America?

25. Conclusions Populism in Latin America Political Strategies Results: Political, Economic, Social