1. EKT 314/4 WEEK 2 : CHAPTER 1 INTRODUCTION TO EI ELECTRONIC INSTRUMENTATION

2. Chapter 1 Contents Definition Measurement Source of Error Classification of Instrument Operation Mode Instrument Elements Application Area

3. Week 1 Review: Direct Analysis Absolute Error Percentage of Error Relative Accuracy Percentage of Accuracy

4. Week 1 Review: Direct Analysis Absolute Error Percentage of Error Relative Accuracy Percentage of Accuracy

5. Week 1 Review: Direct Analysis Absolute Error Percentage of Error Relative Accuracy Percentage of Accuracy

6. Week 1 Review: Direct Analysis Absolute Error Percentage of Error Relative Accuracy Percentage of Accuracy

7. Week 1 Review: Direct Analysis Absolute Error Percentage of Error Relative Accuracy Percentage of Accuracy

8. Week 1 Review: Statistical Analysis Arithmetic Mean Deviation from Mean Average Deviation Standard Deviation

9. Week 1 Review: Statistical Analysis Arithmetic Mean Deviation from Mean Average Deviation Standard Deviation

10. Week 1 Review: Statistical Analysis Arithmetic Mean Deviation from Mean Average Deviation Standard Deviation

11. Week 1 Review: Statistical Analysis Arithmetic Mean Deviation from Mean Average Deviation Standard Deviation

12. Week 1 Review Assignment Discussion and Cross Check

13. Chapter 1 Contents Definition Measurement Source of Error Classification of Instrument Operation Mode Instrument Elements Application Area

14. Session Contents Source of Error Classification of Instrument Operation Mode Instrument Elements Application Area

15. Session Contents Source of Error Gross Systematic Random Classification of Instrument Operation Mode Instrument Elements Application Area

16. Source of Error Errors in measurement can be broadly defined in three categories: Gross errors Systematic errors Random errors

17. Gross Errors Because of the human mistakes. Improper or incorrect installation or use of measurement instrument. Failure to eliminate parallax during reading or recording the measurement. Cannot be remedied mathematically.

18. Systematic Errors Because of the instrument. Three types of systematic errors: Instrumental errors Environmental errors Observational errors Produce constant uniform deviation.

19. Random Errors Occur when different results in magnitude or sign obtained on repeated measurement of one or the same quantity. The effect can be minimized by taking the measurement many times. This error can be handled mathematically.

20. Statistical Analysis (Repeat) Arithmetic Mean x n is n th data taken and n is the total of data or measurement.

21. Statistical Analysis (Repeat) Deviation from mean d n is the deviation of the n th data with the arithmetic mean.

22. Statistical Analysis (Repeat) Average deviations Indicate the precision of the instrument used, lower value of average deviation specify a highly precise instruments.

23. Statistical Analysis (Repeat) Standard deviation Small value of standard deviation means that the measurement is improved.

24. Session Contents Source of Error Classification of Instrument Operation Mode Instrument Elements Application Area

25. Classification of Instrument AbsoluteSecondary Provide magnitude of the quantity under measurement in terms of physical constant of the instrument. Provide magnitude of the quantity under measurement only from the observation of the output from instrument. Most instrument used in practice are secondary.

26. Session Contents Source of Error Classification of Instrument Operation Mode Instrument Elements Application Area

27. Operation Mode Grouped by Operation Type Deflection Null Grouped by Signal Type Digital Analog

28. Operation Mode: Operation Type deflectionnull Only one source of input required. Output reading is based on the deflection from the initial condition of the instrument. The measured value of the quantity depends on the calibration of the instrument. Require two input – measurand and balance input. Must have feedback operation that compare the measurand with standard value. More accurate and sensitive compared to deflection type instrument.

29. Operation Mode: Signal Type Analogdigital Produce the signal that vary in continuous way. Infinite range of value in any given range. Produce the signal that vary in discrete steps. Finite different values in a given range.

30. Session Contents Source of Error Classification of Instrument Operation Mode Instrument Elements Application Area

31. Instrument Elements Instruments Elements Model Block Diagram Subsystems

32. Instrument Elements Instruments Elements Model Block Diagram Subsystems

33. Model  Important element is sensor which can convert the physical variable into signal variable.

34. Model Signal variable can be displayed, recorded or integrated into secondary instrument system.

35. Model Signal variable may also be used as an input signal of a control system.

36. Instrument Elements Instruments Elements Model Block Diagram Subsystems

37. Block Diagram

39. Block Diagram (Simplified)

40. Subsystems Transducers

41. Subsystems Power Supply

42. Subsystems Signal Conditioning Circuits

43. Subsystems Filter / Amplifier

44. Subsystems Data Processors Process Controllers Command Generator

45. Subsystems Recorder

46. Elements of Electronic Instrumentation Transducers Device that converts a change in physical quantity into a change of electrical signal magnitude. Power Supply Provide energy to drive the transducers. Signal Conditioning Circuits Electronic circuits that manipulate, convert the output from transducers into more usable electrical signal.

47. Elements of Electronic Instrumentation (cont.) Amplifiers Amplify low voltage signal from transducers or signal conditional circuit. Recorders Used to display the measurement for easy reading and interpretation. Data Processors Can be a microprocessor or microcontroller.

48. Elements of Electronic Instrumentation (cont.) Process Controllers Used to monitor and adjust any quantity of the specified level or value. Command Generator Provide control voltage that represents the difference of the parameter in a given process.

49. Session Contents Source of Error Classification of Instrument Operation Mode Instrument Elements Application Area

50. Application Area: Engineering Analysis Engineering Analysis Process Control Monitoring Automation

51. Application Area: Engineering Analysis Engineering Analysis To validate new design of structure, component or system by theoritical and experimental approach

52. Application Area: Process Control Process Control Monitoring process: provide real-time data that allow operator to respond. Automatic process: provide real-time feedback data to the control system.

53. EKT 314/4 WEEK 2 : CHAPTER 1 END ELECTRONIC INSTRUMENTATION