1. World History Phones in the holder Bell Work: On a scrap piece of paper answer the following question: What is the name of the Palestinian rebellion against Israel that helped to gain international attention to their conflict?? (one word)

2. Democracy in Latin America 19.1 – A Case Study

3. Setting the Stage What is a democracy? Gov’t ruled by the people.. What does that mean? People meet to make the laws in a democracy Most democracies become republics where representatives are elected by the ppl to makes these laws. Must have free + open elections

4. Democracy as a Goal: Democracy is always a “work in progress” Free elections More than 1 political party Universal suffrage (all adults can vote) Citizen participation High levels of education + literacy Economic security Freedoms of speech, press, + assembly Majority rule, minority rights All citizens equal before the law Shared national identity Protection of individual rights Representatives elected by the ppl carry out their will Constitutional gov’t Clear body of traditions + laws on which the gov’t is based Widespread education about how the gov’t works Nat’l acceptance of majority decisions Shared belief that no one is above the law

5. Democracy as a Goal If these conditions are present, democracy should be attainable BUT U.N. study released in 2002: Warned that if the spread of democracy around the world is not followed by economic growth then democracy could be derailed. Especially important in countries that are starting off as poor. (Third World)

6. Brazil – Dictators and Democracy Many countries in Latin America were ruled by Spain or Portugal for three centuries When achieved independence (1800s) they were left w/many problems Overly powerful militaries Dependence on one single crop Large gaps b/w rich and poor Brazil experienced a series of presidents and dictators in the late 1800s and early 1900s

7. Kubitschek’s Ambitious Program President from 1956-1961 Juscelino Kubitschek worked to expand Brazil’s economy Encouraged foreign investment to ease the cost of new projects Built a new capital city called Brasilia BUT these projects were too expensive and put the country deep in foreign debt + inflation soared

8. Military Dictators Wealthy Brazilians opposed land reforms that divided up land among the peasants They supported a military coup in 1964 that took down the presidency Military dictators ruled Brazil from 1964 – 1984 Allowed foreign countries to begin huge development projects in the Amazon jungle  Economy boomed

9. Military Dictators BUT gov’t also froze wages + cut social programs therefore standard of living for average Brazilian decreased. Level of comfort in life judged by the amount of goods ppl have When ppl protested the military crushed them Torture, kill, jail, censor protestors

10. The Road to Democracy Early 1980s Brazil’s economy slowed to a recession Therefore military generals opened up the gov’t system Free, direct, elections at local, state, national levels 1985: President Jose Sarney elected but hard times for the country (large debt + high inflation) + lost support 1994 - 2002: President Fernando Henrique Cardoso elected Strong advocate of the free market Sought to shrink the widening wealth gap

11. The 2002 Presidential Election Cardoso selected Jose Serra to run as is successor in the 2002 presidential election BUT hard economic times led the country into a hotly debated election Moderate Luiz da Silva rose as the winner + was reelected in 2006 2010 + 2014 Dilma Rousseff elected Brazil continues to have economic trouble Hosting 2016 Summer Olympics…

12. Mexico – One Party Rule After the Mexican Revolution they created a Constitution to govern the country in 1917 1920-1934 Presidents ruled through a one-party system that was maintained for the 20 th century National Revolutionary Party

13. Beginnings of One-Party Domination 1934-1940 President Lazaro Cardenas worked to better the lives of the peasants Land reform + labor rights Nationalized the oil industry + kicked out foreign investments ‘40-’46 conservative presidents that turned away from reform

14. The Party Becomes the PRI The National Revolutionary Party changed its name to the Institutional Revolutionary Party (PRI) Kept political stability for the 2 nd half of the 1900s Controlled elections + congress Other parties were allowed to compete but never won (fraud + corruption)

15. The Party Becomes the PRI The economy was growing but many suffered severe economic problems Millions unemployed, large foreign debt = losing $$$$ on interest payments People getting very frustrated: Tlatelolco Massacre Oct. 2 1968: protestors (many of whom were students) gathered at Aztec market in Mexico City Hidden soldiers opened fire killed hundreds 1981: World oil prices fell  Mexico depended too much on oil therefore economy crashed

16. Economic and Political Crises 1980s + 1990s = series of crises in Mexico President Carlos Salinas (PRI) won the 1988 election Signed NAFTA (North American Free Trade Agreement) Caused mass protest among Mexican rebels They assassinated PRI presidential candidate Luis Colosio

17. The PRI Loses Control 1994 elections went on but the PRI began to unravel Ernestro Zedillo (PRI) won 1997 opposition parties won Congressional seats 2000 the PRI domination was ended by Vincente Fox who was elected president as a center-right candidate

18. New Policies and Programs Fox’s policies: Root out political corruption Ending peasant rebellions Opening up Mexico’s economy to free market forces Pushed for the U.S. to legalize Mexicans there illegally Felipe Calderon elected in 2006 Continued Fox’s policies Pushed for amnesty for illegal immigrants in the U.S. PRI candidate won in 2012 Mexico current at odds w/ us over “wall”

20. Argentina – Political and Economic Disorder Peron Rules Argentina Juan Peron elected in 1946 as President but established a dictatorship His wife Evita was critical to his control  she was idolized by millions of Argentines Together they ran a welfare state When Evita died in 1952 he lost support and in 1955 the military and the Catholic Church turned against Peron Peron driven into exile in 1955

21. Repression in Argentina Military ruled Argentina from 1955 to 1973 Strict rule Peron returned to power in 9173 by escaping exile Died after one year in office Mass chaos followed 1976 military generals seized power again Used torture + murder daily to maintain order

22. Democracy and the Economy 1982 a military loss too Great Britain over war in the Falkland Islands the military general stepped down 1983: Raul Alfonsin was elected  first free elections in 37 years Worked to rebuild the economy + establish democracy BUT by 1990s economy was unstable and near bankruptcy

23. A Growing Crisis 2001 the International Monetary Fund (IMF) refused to give loans to Argentina 2002 unemployment rate at 24% 2006 renegotiations w/the IMF provided Argentina w/ the loans needed to repay debt