1. World War I (The Great War)

2. Causes of World War I Alliances to maintain balance of power (before the war) – Triple Alliance: Germany, Austria-Hungary, Italy – Triple Entente: Great Britain, France, Russia Imperialism – Colonies provided troops – Many battles fought in colonies Militarism – Armies and navies built up to bolster economies and defend growing empires Nationalism – War seen as way to assert strong national identity

3. World War I (1914-18) Archduke Franz Ferdinand of Austria-Hungary assassinated while touring Sarajevo – Gavrilo Princip, Serbian nationalist Austria-Hungary declared war on Serbia – Russia, an ally of Serbia, mobilized for war Domino effect of alliances triggered global conflict

4. Mobilization Everyone thought war would be over by Christmas “Total war” – Government authority expanded as entire population was mobilized Millions volunteered to fight – “The war to end all wars” Women served as nurses – Many women replaced men in factories

5. Women in World War I

6. Allies v. Central Powers Members of alliances changed after war began Central Powers: Germany, Austria-Hungary, Bulgaria, Ottoman Empire Allied Powers: Great Britain, France, Russia (until 1917), Italy (1915), United States (1917)

7. Central Powers v. Allied Powers

9. Propaganda

13. Battlefronts

14. New Military Technology Battlefield tactics were not developed for new technology – Barbed wire – Armored vehicles – Machine guns – Poison gas – Submarines – Airplanes and aerial reconnaissance

15. Tanks and Airplanes

16. Poison Gas Declared illegal Germans used in 1915 at the Battle of Ypres Casualties were relatively low Effective as a weapon of terror

17. Trench Warfare War quickly became a stalemate Thousands died fighting over several yards

18. Life in the Trenches

19. Western Front

20. Casualties Total military deaths: 10 million Total civilian deaths: 7 million

21. Gallipoli Campaign (1915-1916) Fought to take control of the Dardanelles ANZAC troops comprised majority of Allied army Ottoman victory High casualties on both sides Helped develop nationalism

22. Armenian Genocide (1915-1922) Armenian minority of Ottoman Empire viewed as infidels, traitors 1.5 million Armenian Christians killed by the Ottomans through massacres, death marches Forceful extermination of a people group by the government led to the creation of the word “genocide”

23. Arab Revolt T.E. Lawrence (1888-1935): British archaeologist and army officer – Coordinated Arab revolt with British support against the Ottoman Empire Arabs resisted growing Turkish nationalism in the Ottoman Empire – Wanted to create a single unified Arab state

24. Sykes-Picot Agreement (1916) Created new countries without consideration of ethnicities – Ignored promises made by British to Arab rebels – Competing promises over the creation of Palestine for Jews and Arabs French and British created spheres of influence in Middle East

25. Treaty of Versailles (1919) New countries created from Austro-Hungarian and Ottoman Empires – Czechoslovakia, Poland, Yugoslavia – Turkey, Syria, Jordan, Palestine, Iraq Germany lost its colonial empire and 15% of its European territory – Forced to accept full blame, paid reparations, restricted size of military

26. Effects of World War I United States and Japan emerged as new world powers Desire to avoid future wars at all costs US President Woodrow Wilson (r. 1913-1921) created the Fourteen Points – Creation of League of Nations to resolve global disputes – Promised self-determination for unrepresented Europeans

27. Effects of World War I Empowerment of non-European countries – US provided loans and materials for many European countries – Japan strengthened its Chinese sphere of influence, seized German possessions, and invested in the military Colonial natives gained military skills and political awareness – Britain promised to start process of self-government in India

30. Cultural Movements Development of Modernism – Disillusionment over failures of Enlightenment principles and religion to prevent slaughter Modernism reflected through, art and literature – Cubism, abstract expressionism – Erich Maria Remarque’s “All Quiet on the Western Front” (1929) – Ernest Hemingway’s “A Farewell to Arms” (1929)

31. Modernist Art

34. Cultural Movements Roaring Twenties and the Jazz Age Rampant consumerism as stock market prices rose artificially high – F. Scott Fitzgerald’s “The Great Gatsby” (1925) Women gained the right to vote throughout the world Flouted sexual conventions – “Flappers”