1. Digital Frequency Meter By : Parcha Amit.K Roll No: 2K13E21 Department of electronics University of pune

2. Contents Introduction to Digital Frequency Meter Basic Building Blocks of Frequency Meter Typical specifications of Frequency meter Applications

3. Introduction To Frequency Meter (UNIVERSAL COUNTER) Need Of Frequency Meter A Digital Frequency Meter is a general-purpose, basic, digital counter for measuring, setting, and monitoring frequencies, for counting random events, and for industrial counting applications. Among its many frequency measurement applications are the test, adjustment, and calibration of oscillators, telemetering equipment, i-f amplifiers and filters. With appropriate transducers, it can be used to measure such physical quantities as pressure, temperature, strain, and weight. In conjunction with an optical or magnetic pickup, it will measure rotational speed also.

6. Basic principal of operation A simplified block diagram, indicates the principal circuits of the instrument and the signal flow paths. The input amplifier, pulse-forming circuits, and the five ring counting units perform the counting operation. The input amplifier increases the instrument sensitivity and input impedance.

7. The ring counting units are cascaded scale-of-ten circuits. Each unit is coupled to a Numeric indicator, which provides the digital display. The main gate acts as a switch either to pass pulses (open gate) or to stop the flow of pulses (closed gate). The gate is driven by the main-gate flip- flop.

8. Time-base pulses from the time-base divider switch the flip -flop between its two stable states to open and close the main gate. The crystal-oscillator output is shaped into a pulse-type waveform to drive the time-base divider circuits. The divider produces a train of pulses derived from the oscillator signal with a frequency of 10, 1 or 0.1 pulses per second as selected by the COUNTING TIME control.

9. The pulse train is fed through the time-base gate to the main gate flip flop. The time-base gate and time-base gate flip flop operate in a manner similar to the main -gate flip-flop and main gate. The time-base gate prevents a divider pulse from opening the main gate during the display-time interval.

10. A counting interval starts when the ring counting units have been reset, the time- base gate has opened, and a divider pulse arrives at the main-gate flip-flop to open the main gate. The counting interval ends when the next divider pulse is received. This pulse closes the main gate, starts the display interval by switching the time-base gate flip-flop to close the time-base gate, and activates the display-time generator.

11. In this condition the divider pulses are locked out and the indicators display the measurement. After a time interval determined by the DISPLAY TIME control, the reset-pulse generator is triggered, and the ring counters are reset.

13. Synchronies Gating For Counting

14. Main Gate Requirements: As with any physical gate, the main gate of the counter does exhibit propagation delays and takes some finite time to both switch ON and OFF. This finite amount of switching time is reflected in the total amount of time the gate is open for counting. If this switching time is significant compared to the period of the highest frequency counted, errors in the count will result. However, if this switching time is significantly less compared to the period of the highest frequency counted, the error is not appreciable.

15. Types of Measurement Error The ±1 Count Error(quantization error) When an electronic counter makes a measurement, a ±1 count ambiguity can exist in the least significant digit. This is often referred to as quantization error. This ambiguity can occur because of the non-coherence between the internal clock frequency and the input signal.

16. Quantization error

17. The Time Base Error Any error resulting from the difference between the actual time base oscillator frequency and its nominal frequency is directly translated into a measurement error. This difference is the cumulative effect of all the individual time base oscillator errors described previously and may be expressed as dimensionless factor such as so many parts per million.

18. Trigger Error Trigger error is a random error caused by noise on the input signal and noise from the input channels of the counter. In period and time interval measurements, the input signal(s) control the opening and closing of the counter’s gate. This causes the main gate to be open for an incorrect period of time. This results in a random timing error for period and time interval measurements.

19. Frequency Measurement Error The accuracy of an electronic counter is dependent on the mode of operation. The total frequency measurement error may be defined as the sum of its ±1 count error and its total time base error. The relative frequency measurement error due to ±1 count ambiguity is  f/f  1/ f in where fin is the input signal frequency.

20. SPECIFICATIONS Hp - Model 5240A (12.4 GHz Digital Frequency Meter) FREQUENCY MEASUREMENTS: RANGE: 10 Hz to 12.5 MHz GATE TIME: 0.1. 1.0 s: 10 s on special order. SELF CHECK: Counts 1 MHz for gate time chosen. SIGNALINPUT : SENSITIVITY: 100 mV rms. MAX. INPUT: 2 V rms. IMPEDANCE: 1 MΩ shunted by 10 pF.

21. TIME BASE: FREQUENCY: 1 MHz EXTERNAL INPUT: 1 V rms into 1kΩ OUTPUT: 1 MHz, 2 V square wave into 6k REMOTE RESET: By grounding center of BNC back panel. ACCURACY : ± 1 count ± 1 timebaseaccuracy READSIN : MHz or GHz with positional decimal point. IMPEDANCE: 20kΩ each line.

22. BCD REFERENCE LEVELS: GROUND: 5 V, 1kΩ source. PRINT COMMAND: 0 V to 10 V step, dc coupled. HOLD-OFF REQUIREMENTS: +15 V max+ 2.5 V min. PRICE: Model 5240A. $4750

23. Applications: Frequency Counting Precise frequency measurements in radar based application. Pressure, temperature, strain, and weight measurements with proper transducer. Motor speed measurements are also possible with proper arrangement. Microwave frequency measurements.

24. Reference: “Basic Electronic Instrument Handbook”, Clyde Coombs, Editor, McGraw-Hill, 1972. Hewlett-Packard Journal, June 1974. GENERAL RADIO COMPANY model TYPE 1150·A Manual

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