2. 1 Using Commas to Combine Ideas Name: ______________________ Date: _______________________ English/Period: _______________

3. 2 Using Commas with Compound Sentences  A compound sentence consists of two or more independent clauses that are joined by a coordinating conjunction, such as and, but, for, nor, or, so, or yet. (F.A.N.B.O.Y.S.)  Use a comma before a conjunction only when there are complete sentences on both sides of the conjunction. If the conjunction joins single words, phrases, or subordinate clauses, do not use a comma.  Example: Clouds appeared, but there was no rain. YES! Heat and sand are common desert features. NO!

4. 3 Using Commas Between Items in a Series  Use commas to separate three or more words, phrases, or clauses in a series.  Notice that the number of commas used is one fewer than the number of items in the series.  Examples:  Words: Her hobbies include dancing, running, reading, and shopping.  Phrases: Moore’s obstacle course led them over the MPR, under the locker rooms, and into Mr. Cullen’s office.  Clauses: Our class is full of students who do their homework, who study for their tests, and who are polite and kind to their teachers.

5. 4 Using Commas After Introductory Material  Commas are used to set off information at the beginning of a sentence.  Use a comma after most introductory words, phrases, or clauses.  Examples:  Words: Yes, we’d love more presents.  Phrases: With very little money, I managed to buy the perfect gift for each of my friends.  Adverb Clauses: When the holidays are around the corner, everyone is in a better mood.

6. 5 Using Commas Between Adjectives  Use commas to separate adjectives of equal rank. 1. If the word and can be placed between the adjectives without changing the meaning of the sentence, the adjectives are of equal rank. 2. If the order of the adjectives can be changed, then they are of equal rank.  Example: She left detailed, precise instructions for the substitute.  Do not use commas to separate adjectives that must stay in a specific order.  Example: Three long hours later, I was finally finished with my homework.  Three and brief cannot be switched because the sentence would not make sense.

7. 6 Chapter 26.2: Commas #2 Name: ______________________ Date: _______________________ English/Period: _______________

8. 7 Using Commas With Parenthetical Expressions: page 440  A parenthetical expression is a word or phrase that is not essential to the meaning of the sentence. Use commas to set off parenthetical expressions.  A parenthetical expression in the middle of a sentence needs two commas. A parenthetical expression at the end of a sentence needs only one.  Examples:  Names of People: That’s a logical conclusion, Pete.  Certain Adverbs: The other sand dune, therefore, is several meters higher.  Common Expressions: They believe in her ability, of course.  Contrasting Expressions: These dunes, not those, resemble crescents.

9. 8 Using Commas With Nonessential Expressions: page 441  To determine when a phrase of clause should be set off with commas, decide whether the phrase or clause is essential or nonessential to the meaning of the sentence.  Use commas to set off nonessential expressions.  Examples:  Appositives and Appositive Phrases: Sahara, a 1943 movie, takes place in North Africa.  Participial Phrase: Pat, waiting in the van, asked us to hurry.  Adjective Clauses: We cheered enthusiastically for Darius, who could lead us to the oasis.

10. 9 Chapter 26.2: Commas #3 Name: ______________________ Date: _______________________ English/Period: _______________

11. 10 Using Commas With Dates and Geographical Names: page 442  When a date is made up of two or more parts, use a comma after each item except in the case of a month followed by a day.  Example:  Saturday, July 20, is their anniversary.  January 1, 1945, was the beginning of an exciting year.  When the date contains only months and years, commas are unnecessary.  It wasn’t until July 1999 that records were kept for that part of the Sahara.  When a geographical name is made up of two or more parts, use a comma after each item.  We drove from Boston, Massachusetts, to Redlands, California.

12. 11 Other Uses of the Comma: page 443  Use a comma after each item in an address made up of two or more parts. Commas are placed after the name, street, and city, but not between the state and zip code.  Write to Maxwell Hunnicutt, 54 Monmouth Avenue, Dallas, Texas 75243.  Fewer commas are needed when the address is stacked.  Maxwell Hunnicutt  54 Monmouth Avenue  Dallas, Texas 75243  Use a comma after the salutation in a personal letter and after the closing in all letters.  Salutations: Dear Bill,  Closings: Sincerely, Best Wishes,Yours truly,

13. 12 Other Uses of the Comma: page 443 Continued  With numbers of more than three digits, insert a comma before every third digit, counting from the right.  Example: 1,750 miles  Use commas to set off a direct quotation from the rest of a sentence.  Bret said, “Hold the door open.”  “I can’t,” Lorna replied, “because my arms are full of books.”  Use a comma to prevent a sentence from being misunderstood.  UNCLEAR: After watching Zack asked to join the game.  CLEAR: After watching, Zack asked to join the game.