1. Literary Analysis Integrating Sources

2. The Problem:  When a quote is “dropped” into a paper without an introductory signal phrase, it causes problems.  The reader may be surprised or confused  The relevance of the quote may be unclear

3. Brevity is also important…  It may not always be necessary to use an entire passage to prove your point.  To use only a phrase you must weave the quote into your own sentence.

4. Summary, Paraphrase, Quotations  In general, it’s a good idea to use a combination of summarizing, paraphrasing, and direct quoting from sources.  An essay that balances these strategies will provide the smoothest integration of sources and the most effective use of information.

5. You Do the Work  Do not rely on quotations to do the work for you.  You must always follow a quotation or paraphrase with commentary. Never end a paragraph with a quotation.

6. ICEing Every Quote E-Evidence  I=Introduce  Introduce the quote/support  C=Cite  Use direct and indirect evidence from the text  E=Explain  Explain how the evidence supports your point  Explain what the evidence means

7. Different Ways to Integrate There are 3 different types of lead-ins:  1. Somebody said lead-in  2. Blended lead-in  3. Sentence lead-in

8. Somebody Says Lead-In AVOID  Captain Beatty says that books are loaded guns. “A book is a loaded gun in the house next door” (58). REPLICATE  Captain Beatty explains that, “A book is a loaded gun in the house next door” (58).

9. Blended Lead-In AVOID  The novel opens up with how much the firemen like to burn. “It was a pleasure to burn” (3). REPLICATE  The novel sets the stage with, "It was a pleasure to burn" (3), showing right away that firemen knew the power they held and felt it.

10. Sentence Lead-In (Must include a colon) AVOID  They have no emotional connection to anyone. “You heave them into the ‘parlor’ and turn the switch. It’s like washing clothes: stuff laundry in and slam the lid” (96). REPLICATE  They have no emotional connection to anyone save themselves, as Mrs. Phelps displays when comparing caring for her children to doing laundry: "heave them into the 'parlor' and turn the switch. It's like washing clothes: stuff laundry in and slam the lid" (96).

11. Some More Examples of Lead-Ins  Montag discovers that the fire at Granger’s camp that the fire “was not burning, it was warming” (130).  He makes that change by stating, “We never burned right…” (105).  The firemen, "grinned the fierce grin of all men singed and driven back by flame" (3).

12. Some More Examples of Lead-Ins  Montag “hadn’t known that fire could look this way. He had never thought in his life that it could give as well as take” (130).  He goes on to say, “I don’t think you realize how important you are, we are, to our happy world as it stands now” (54).

13. Introductory Verbs The verbs you use to introduce quotes, summaries, and paraphrases help weave your source’s words with your own writing. Some useful verbs for introducing sources include: acknowledgesclaims insists suggestsconcurs reveals observesconsiders(dis)agrees arguesproposesremarks concludesexpressesbelieves speculatesdeniescondemns advisesinterpretsstates complains concedespoints out refutesoffersnotes

14. E ICE Example/E of MEAL  (I) Ralph is elected as chief and immediately starts to set some ground rules and stresses how important it is to get off the island by saying, (C) “We can help them find us … We must make a fire” (38). (E) Ralph, a smart leader, knows that the most important thing is to get rescued from the island, and that a signal fire will help them achieve that goal.

15. E ICE Example 2/E of MEAL  (I) He understands no one can tell him right from wrong and so he creates a savage tribe, which almost all of the boys join. (C) Jack is chief and is in total control of the tribe. He hosts terrifying feasts in which they eat pig, that they mercilessly killed, and chants things such as “Kill the beast! Cut his throat! Spill his blood!” (182), as they reenact the killing of the pig, pretending to kill one another. (E) The fact that no one challenges Jack and his tribe’s horrible ways fuels Jack to do even more to show his power. By the end of the book Jack is at his most evil state when he orders his tribe to kill Ralph without a second thought.

16. E ICE Example #3/E of MEAL  (I) At the beginning of the Act I he mistreats a young boy outside his counting house who is singing Christmas carols. (I) After Past takes Scrooge to visit the Young Scrooge as a boy, (C) Scrooge says to Past that he wishes he had “given him something” (656). (E) Scrooge as an older man identifies with how he mistreated the young caroler given how he was mistreated by the schoolmaster and his own father. These realizations are the first time he has opened his hardened heart to the feelings of pain and loneliness beginning the change within him.

17. E ICE Example #4/E of MEAL  (I) The story alludes again and again to the sheltering comfort of the garden. (I/C) The man tries to maintain an illusion that nothing serious has happened to him, that in time he will “feel as if he had always been like that” (397). (E) The garden is his refuge against reality.

18. E ICE Example #5/E of MEAL  (I) When Niska returns to Moose Factory, and for the first time since her childhood, she notices how different she is from the assimilated Aboriginal population: (C) “... it was obvious that an invisible wall, one impossible to breach, lay between me and the homeguard Indians of this white town” (168). (E) Niska’s feelings of alienation from the very people who, only decades ago, were living with her in the bush, highlights the...