1. Pregnancy Miss Zaro 11 th grade Health

2. Do now How would a student’s life change if they suddenly had to parent a newborn?

3. Why is it risky for teens to become parents? An adolescent females' body is still developing and maturing A teen mom may not be aware that the choices she is making affects her baby. The woman could develop Anemia Toxemia of pregnancy- high blood pressure, tissue swelling, and protein in the urine  Severe toxemia can lead to seizures and coma Adolescent fathers like mothers are more likely to have poor academic performance, higher high school drop out rates, limited financial resources, and reduced income potential If the adolescent parents do marry there is a higher chance of divorce within the first 5 years.

4. The process of Conception Fertilization- the union of a sperm and ovum As an ovum moves through the fallopian tube it can be fertilized if sperm are present, usually occurs in the upper 1/3 of the fallopian tube If the male ejaculates into the female without protection, millions of sperm are released into the vagina, sperm move through the vagina into the uterus and fallopian tubes, the ovum is surrounded by sperm, only one will fertilize the egg, the rest will die off and disintegrate.  One ovum matures and is released from an ovary each month- this is called ovulation, it occurs on or about the 14 th day before the expected beginning of the next menstrual period A zygote is the cell that forms from the fertilized ovum

5. Alternative methods Sometimes when a father or mother have fertility problems they will seek out a doctor to help them to get pregnant Some examples of when a couple may do this is when:  Father has low sperm count or weak sperm  Mother has no ovaries  Fertility is declining with age

6. Intrauterine insemination IUI IUI: Intrauterine insemination- this is a process where semen is inserted into the vagina or uterus  This is usually used when a father has low sperm count The father’s sperm is collected and held under proper conditions and then placed in the vagina If it comes down to it donor sperm can be used.  It is usually combined with drug therapy to treat unexplained infertility

7. In vitro fertilization This is where mature ova are removed from the female’s ovary and placed in a lab dish to be fertilized by sperm After 48-72 hours the developing embryos are placed directly into the female’s uterus for implantation  Ova’s can be donated to females who do not ovulate, or do not have ovaries, or who wish to prevent passing on an inheritable disease

8. Surrogate mother An infertile couple will contract a fertile female for a fee to carry their child There are 2 different types  Type one a surrogate mother will provide an ovum to be artificially inseminated by the father-to-be’s sperm  Or the infertile female may provide an ovum and the surrogate mother carries the baby throughout the pregnancy when the baby is born the baby is given to the couple for adoption, sometimes the welfare of the baby had been placed in jeopardy because the agreement has been broken, the receiving couple should be present at the baby’s birth and care for the baby in the hospital

9. Trimesters There are 3 trimesters in a full term pregnancy A trimester is one of 3 three-month periods during a human pregnancy First trimester- the first 3 months after conception Second trimester- the fourth, fifth, and sixth month after conception Third trimester is the seventh, eighth, and ninth months after conception

10. Detecting pregnancy 1 st sign- absence of a menstrual period when it is expected  A missed period does not necessarily indicate that conception has occurred- it could happen because of diet, physical activity, stress, or other circumstances Additional symptoms – tenderness in breasts, nausea, vomiting, fatigue, change in appetite, spotting, irregular menstrual flow When a female misses a period and has other accompanying symptoms of pregnancy six weeks after the first day of her last menstrual cycle she should be tested for pregnancy by a trained professional.  The tests could include a pelvic examination, blood, or urine test  The placenta produces large amounts of HCG (human chorionic gonadotropin- this can be detected in the females blood or urine 6-8 days after fertilization

11. Calculating the due date The average length of a human pregnancy is 266 days aprox 9 months To calculate the due date: count back 3 months from the first day of the last menstrual period and add 7 days and one year. Example: last menstrual period was September 3, 2010 the delivery date would be as follows  September 3, 2010 minus 3 months = June 3, 2010  June 3, 2010 plus 7 days and one year= June 10, 2011= projected due date

12. Lets figure it out A Female’s last menstrual period began on may 5, 2010…What would her projected due date be? February 12, 2011

13. Heredity This is determined by genes carried on chromosomes Each body cell with the exception of gametes (reproductive cells) contains 23 pairs of chromosomes with an estimated 60,000 to 100,000 genes One chromosome of each pair is inherited from the mother and one is inherited from the father

14. DNA Dominant gene- gene that overrides the other gene Recessive gene- gene that is overridden by the other gene Example: paternal gene for brown eyes lines up with maternal gene for blue eyes- the gene for brown eyes is dominant so it will keep the gene for blue eyes from being expressed. The gene for blue eyes is recessive because it is not expressed when the dominant gene for eye color is present Other examples- curly hair over straight hair, dark hair over blonde hair, what are some others?

15. Dominant and Recessive Genes

16. The sex of the baby This is determined by the sex chromosome it receives from the father When a sperm fertilizes an ovum it now has a full 46 chromosomes (23 from the mother 23 from the father) If a sperm has a Y chromosome it will result in XY cell creating a male If a sperm has an X chromosome it will have an XX cell creating a female

17. Sex Chromosome and Determination