1. Development of Criminology SOC 112 Part 2

2. Age of Realism 1.New turn after Classical School - logic / scientific methodology - scientifically interpret a. End: “Age of Enlightenment” - philosophized - philosophized b. Begin: “Age of Realism” - objective science - objective science - talking with / looking at / examining - talking with / looking at / examining

3. Realism, cont. c. Scientific study - of science / methodology - of science / methodology - “proceeding in systematic / methodical - “proceeding in systematic / methodical way” way” d. Auguste Comte (1798 – 1857) - French sociologist - French sociologist - positivist approach (physical to social) - positivist approach (physical to social) (1) 3 stages in human thinking (1) 3 stages in human thinking

4. Realism, cont. - theoretical = mythological thinking - theoretical = mythological thinking - metaphysical / abstract = classical - metaphysical / abstract = classical - scientific / positive = highest form - scientific / positive = highest form (2) Fundamental change: slow (2) Fundamental change: slow - Positive School - Positive School 3.Turning point - Charles Darwin: “Origin of the Species” - challenged doctrine of creation - more evolved / ridiculed

5. Realism, cont. a. Biological / cultural aspect - not individuals with “free will” - not individuals with “free will” b. Replaced: ‘DETERMINISM’ - behavior: physical / mental / environmental / - behavior: physical / mental / environmental / social factors social factors - beyond control - beyond control c. Realism: asked new questions - search new ways / answer old questions - search new ways / answer old questions - social sciences born - social sciences born

6. Modern Criminology 1.Cesare Lombroso (1835 – 1909) - “Father of Modern Criminology” - army physician / psychiatry professor / criminal anthropology professor criminal anthropology professor a. Integrated positivism / evolutionism - relationship: crime to body - relationship: crime to body - “The Criminal Man” - “The Criminal Man” - criminology: a modern science - criminology: a modern science - investigation into causes - investigation into causes

7. Lombroso, cont. b. Replaced free will / determinism - born criminal - born criminal - lower life form - lower life form - apelike ancestors - apelike ancestors - both traits / dispositions - both traits / dispositions c. Atavistic stigmata - physical features - physical features - earlier stage of development - earlier stage of development - before becoming fully human - before becoming fully human

8. Lombroso, cont. d. Criminals have: - huge jaws / strong canine teeth - huge jaws / strong canine teeth - born female criminal: prostitute - born female criminal: prostitute e. First clinical criminologist - categorize / classify types of criminals - categorize / classify types of criminals - first criminal typology - first criminal typology f. Criminal types: - born / insane / criminoloids - born / insane / criminoloids

9. Lombroso, cont. (1) Insane criminal (1) Insane criminal - not from birth - not from birth - change in brain - change in brain - interferes with ability (right from wrong) - interferes with ability (right from wrong) (2) Criminoloids - ambiguous group - ambiguous group - habitual / by passion - habitual / by passion - diverse types: epileptic / occasional - diverse types: epileptic / occasional g. Others: no enthusiasm / viewpoint

10. Lombroso, cont. h. Objectives of punishment - protection of society - protection of society - improvement of criminal - improvement of criminal - should be individualized - should be individualized 2.Gabriel Tarde (1843 – 1904) - earliest sociological theories - rejected biological abnormality - normal people = learned crime - others = legitimate trades

11. Tarde, cont. a. “Laws of limitations” - how people become criminals - how people become criminals b. Emulate behavior patterns - there is a pattern - there is a pattern - all behavior (copy styles of dress) - all behavior (copy styles of dress) (1) Proportion to contact (1) Proportion to contact - intensity / frequency - intensity / frequency - more associate w/thief = become thief - more associate w/thief = become thief - associate w/college friends = college - associate w/college friends = college

12. Tarde, cont. (2) Inferiors imitate superiors (2) Inferiors imitate superiors - from town to country - from town to country - upper class to lower class - upper class to lower class (3) Two behavior patterns clash (3) Two behavior patterns clash - one takes place of other - one takes place of other - guns replacing knives - guns replacing knives 7.Raffaele Garofalo (1852 – 1934) - follower of Positivist School - follower of Lombroso

13. Garofalo, cont. - law professor - not physical features = crime - psychological features - “moral anomalies” (deviation from norm) a. Natural crimes: all societies - offend basic moral sentiments - offend basic moral sentiments - probity: respect property - probity: respect property - piety: infliction of suffering - piety: infliction of suffering b. Organic deficiency

14. Garofalo, cont. - not held responsible - not held responsible - death penalty: rid society of maladapted - death penalty: rid society of maladapted - natural selection process - natural selection process (1) Lesser offender (1) Lesser offender - lesser punishment - lesser punishment 8.Enrico Ferri (1856 – 1929) - leader of Positivist School - crimes result of 3 causative factors:

15. Ferri, cont. a. Anthropological - age / sex / occupation / social class / etc. - age / sex / occupation / social class / etc. b. Physical - race / climate / seasons / temperature / etc. - race / climate / seasons / temperature / etc. c. Social - population / religion / family / financial / etc. - population / religion / family / financial / etc. d. Listed 5 types of criminal:

16. Ferri, cont. (1) Born / instinctive (1) Born / instinctive - propensity for crime from birth - propensity for crime from birth (2) Insane (2) Insane - affected by mental disease - affected by mental disease (3) Passional (3) Passional - crimes of passion or emotion - crimes of passion or emotion (4) Occasional (4) Occasional - product of family / social conditions - product of family / social conditions

17. Ferri, cont. (5) Habitual (5) Habitual - criminal by habit - criminal by habit - product of social environment - product of social environment 9.Determinism - individual has no choice - biological / other factors remove choice a. Positivists reject free will - ‘Doctrine of Determinism’ - ‘Doctrine of Determinism’ - punishment fit needs - punishment fit needs

18. Determinism, cont. b. Hard determinism - no freedom of choice - no freedom of choice - place in society / mental abilities - place in society / mental abilities c. Soft determinism - limited choice - limited choice d. Biological determinism - Lombrosian theory - Lombrosian theory - born criminal - born criminal - disputed by many - disputed by many

19. Determinism, cont. 10.Charles Goring (1870 – 1919) - medical officer / English prison a. Greatest challenge - 3000 prisoners / control group - 3000 prisoners / control group - students / soldiers / hospital patients - students / soldiers / hospital patients b. Rejected “specific stigmata” - poor physical condition - poor physical condition - defective state of mind - defective state of mind

20. Body-Type Theories 11.Ernest Hooten (1887 – 1954) - another source: search for criminality - elusive link: crime / physical factors a. Biologically determined criminality - prisoners / non-criminal control group - prisoners / non-criminal control group - 1939 concluded: - 1939 concluded: “In every population there are hereditary inferiors in mind and body as well as physical and mental deficients.... Our information definitely proves that it is from the physically inferior element of the population that native born criminals from native parentage are mainly derived.”

21. Body-type, cont. b. Somatotype School of Criminology - related body build to behavior - related body build to behavior - popular: first-half 20 th century - popular: first-half 20 th century 12.Ernst Kretschmer (1888 – 1964) - German psychiatrist - 3 principle types of physique a. Asthenic - lean / slightly built / narrow shoulders - lean / slightly built / narrow shoulders

22. Kretschmer, cont. b. Dyplastic (athletic) - medium to tall / strong / muscular / coarse bones bones c. Pyknic - medium height / rounded face / massive - medium height / rounded face / massive neck / broad face neck / broad face d. Related to psychic disorders - depression / schizophrenia / etc. - depression / schizophrenia / etc. - associated types of crimes - associated types of crimes

23. Body-Type, cont. 13.William Sheldon (1898 – 1977) - brought Kretchmer’s work to US - formulated own somatotypes a. Dog breeder / points - worked out point system for humans - worked out point system for humans - scale of 1 to 17 - scale of 1 to 17 b. Endomorph - rounded body / short tapering limbs - rounded body / short tapering limbs

24. Body-Type, cont. c. Mesomorph c. Mesomorph - large trunk / chest - large trunk / chest - muscles in hands / wrists - muscles in hands / wrists d. Ectomorph d. Ectomorph - lean / fragile - lean / fragile e. Mesomorphic = more criminal 14.Sheldon Glueck (1896 – 1980) / Eleanor Glueck (1898 – 1972)

25. Body-Type, cont. a. Supported Sheldon a. Supported Sheldon - used somatotypes with delinquents - used somatotypes with delinquents b. Somatotypes lost favor - similar to Hitler’s “eugenics” - similar to Hitler’s “eugenics” c. ‘New phrenology’ (jokingly) - “bumps on buttocks take place of bumps - “bumps on buttocks take place of bumps on skulls” on skulls” d. Extra sex chromosome

26. Body-Type, cont. 15.Difference / defective theories - criminal: biochemically different - biochemical theory: Fredrick Wohler a. Premenstrual syndrome / tension (PMS / PMT) - violent personal crime - violent personal crime - lower rate for women - lower rate for women b. Chromosomal Abnormality - normal: 23 pairs / most cells - normal: 23 pairs / most cells

27. Difference / defective, cont. (1) Pair of sex chromosomes (1) Pair of sex chromosomes - XY men / XX women - XY men / XX women (2) Some men: extra X (XXY) (2) Some men: extra X (XXY) - compare to criminal acts - compare to criminal acts c. Central Nervous System c. Central Nervous System - slow brain waves - slow brain waves - compared with criminal - compared with criminal d. Nutrition

28. Difference / defective, cont. - chemical imbalance - chemical imbalance - vitamin deficiency / low blood sugar - vitamin deficiency / low blood sugar - caused by diet - caused by diet 16.Richard Dugdale (1841 – 1883) - inherited criminality - clinical researcher a. 1000 members - 280 paupers / 60 thieves / 7 murderers / - 280 paupers / 60 thieves / 7 murderers / 40 other criminals 40 other criminals

29. Inherited, cont. - 40 with venereal disease / 50 prostitutes - 40 with venereal disease / 50 prostitutes b. Transmitting degenerative traits - discount today / serious early 1900s - discount today / serious early 1900s c. 1927: Oliver Wendell Holmes (Sup. Ct.) “It is better for all the world, if instead of “It is better for all the world, if instead of waiting to execute degenerate offspring waiting to execute degenerate offspring for crime, or to let them starve for their for crime, or to let them starve for their imbecility, society can prevent those who imbecility, society can prevent those who are manifestly unfit from continuing their are manifestly unfit from continuing their kind... three generations of imbeciles are kind... three generations of imbeciles are enough.” enough.”