1. 1 Impact of land related corruption on Women’s access to and ownership of land Case study of Ghana and Zimbabwe Farai Mutondoro

2. 2 Outline Methodology Land Corruption : Conceptual framework Land corruption: Empirical evidence Gender inequalities in land rights The intersection of Women Land and Corruption Case studies Impact of Land Corruption on Women Policy recommendations

3. 3 Methodology Build up to the previous paper presented by Transparency International in 2015 Examining linkages between women, land and corruption Corruption a complex and multifaced phenomenon- Qualitative approach Case study approach Ghana and Zimbabwe Ghana 2015 Intersectionality of Women Land and Corruption Zimbabwe Preliminary findings from a study on the Intersection of Women Land and Corruption Data collection tools: FGDs, review of secondary data and interviews Ongoing projects by TI S and NC on Women Land and Corruption and Land and Corruption in Africa project

4. 4 Land Corruption Land corruption relatively new term in policy and academic literature Rising phenomenon- studies by TI, FAO and TI chapters (GCB &CPI Large scale land acquisition/ Land grabbing – and Corruption Political economy of land governance- duality of customary and statutory law-overlaps, politicization, discretion Land tenure in Africa and Corruption risks Political and Administrative corruption in Land sector

5. 5 Land Corruption: Empirical evidence Strong correlation between levels of corruption in the land sector and overall public sector corruption in a country ( TI 2011) In Africa, every third respondent to TI ‟ s Global Corruption Barometer 2013 stated that they had paid a bribe in order to access land services 45% of respondents in Uganda indicated that paying a bribe was the only way to access various land services (East Africa Bribery Index 2013) Corruption facilitates land deals Corruption risk in land governance- Lack of legal recognition of tenure rights; Unclear institutional responsibilities and decision mechanisms, Traditional practices of payments and exchanges; Opaque systems, absence of outside control and lack of clarity in allocation of land inter alia

6. 6 Gender inequalities in land rights Globally more men than women own land (Doss et al, 2013) 10 countries in Africa, 39% of women and 48% of men report owning land, including both individual and joint ownership (Doll et all, 2013). less than 2 percent of the world’s land is owned by women” and approximately 15 percent in Sub-Saharan Africa (FAO) Paradox-Women make up almost 43% of the agricultural labour force in developing countries and are responsible for between 60 and 80 % of food production women comprise on average between less than 5 % to less than 20% of agricultural landholders in the main developing regions

7. 7 Intersection of Women, Land and Corruption Convergence in policy and academic literature on the gender inequalities in land rights However there is limited research linking these gender disparities in land ownership to the growing problem of land corruption Despite global recognition of land corruption ( FAO) According to the 2013 Global Corruption Barometer, 27 per cent of men and 22 per cent of women report paying bribes to at least one institution Study by Ghana Integrity Initiative shows that on, almost 40% of women specified that corruption hindered their access to, and control over, land resources and therefore fundamentally impacted their livelihoods. Large scale land deals have far reaching negative impacts on women than men

8. 8 Analytical framework Women and Access to and Ownership of land Land corruption

9. 9 Case Zimbabwe: Chisumbanje & Chinyamukwakwa Chisumbanje and Chinyamukwakwa are 2 villages in Chipinge Manicaland Province Zimbabwe Deal signed between Agriculture Rural Development Authority ( quasi state) and Madcom Rating in 2007 40 000 hectares –for bio fuel production ARDA receives 10 percent as management fees ARDA also entitled to an 8 percent share of the revenue generated from the annual production US$600 million deal Displacement of communities inevitable Form of land grabbing

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11. 11 Case Ghana: Akumeni case study Large-scale acquisition of land for agricultural investments in the Eastern Region In 2002, the state divested its control of palm oil plantations, acquired through coercive means in 1976, to a foreign company The company initially cultivated 3,000 acres and then extended cultivation to another 9,000 acres in 2013 Following the recent land acquisition by the company in 2013, farmers in the Akumeni district claimed that they faced long delays in compensation, and in some cases did not receive any payment at all (ibid). Chief appear to be colluding with the investor in the acquisition process

12. 12 Contradictions in the Chisumbanje land deal ARDA’s lease is for 5112 hectares not 40 000 hectares 5 years after signing the deal, ARDA request for 40 000 hectares from Chipinnge Rural District Council (September 2012) To date ARDA and Green Fuel has grabbed and encroached on more than 9000 hectares More than 3000 households affected – no compensation for the land loss The owner of Madcom Rating and Green Fuel is believed to be a financier of the ruling party Bribery allegations in gettting the deals, Chief getting paid by the company

13. 13 Impact of the deal on Women and Contradictions Loss of livelihoods Lack of compensation Land access and exploitationf of women- Sextortion Increased burden on women due to disruption of livelihoods Teenage pregancies Increasing and shifting gender roles Women as a non homegenious group-different impact of land on widows, married women, girls and unmarried women

14. 14 Policy recommendation SGDs: Goal 5 and 16 as opprtunities to promote further dialogue on gender equality in land rights and curbing all forms of corruption Increasing and improving policy and academic research on land corruption and its gendered impact Gender training for traditional leaders in land governance Land tenure reform and according women land rights protecting them from vulnerabilities and land corruption Encouraging government to uphold principles of FPIC- ( Land Commission and Anti Corruption institutions)-FAO Voluntary Guidelines Harmoning customary law and statutory law Inclusion of women in land governance institutions and building their awareness on fighting and reporting corruption

15. www.transparency.org www.tizim.org www.tighana.org the coalition against corruption