2. Modern Era Notes- Unit 9

3. https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=NwcVv1cxflk As you listen to President Nixon speak, summarize what he is talking about doing and why.

4. Nixon travels to China High point of Nixon’s presidency – Eases Cold War tensions by recognizing Chinese government, allowing for US-Chinese trade, and supporting tourism https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=NwcVv1cxflk

5. Upfront Magazine 1974: The Accidental President Answer the questions on your Article Quest sheet as you read the article.

6. President Richard Nixon had resigned in 1974 in the wake of the Watergate scandal, but before doing so, he appointed Ford as Vice President via the Twenty-fifth Amendment after Spiro Agnew resigned in the light of a scandal that implicated him in receiving illegal bribes when he was Governor of Maryland. Ford was thus the only sitting President who had never been elected to national office. Saddled with a poor economy, the fall of South Vietnam, and paying a heavy political price for his pardon of Nixon, Ford first faced serious opposition from within his own party, when he was challenged for the Republican Party's nomination by former California governor and future President Ronald Reagan. The race was so close that Ford was not able to secure the nomination until the Party Convention. Carter, who was less well known than other Democratic hopefuls, ran as a Washington outsider and reformer. Carter narrowly won the election, becoming the first president elected from the Deep South since Zachary Taylor in 1848.

7. Watergate Scandal Nixon accused of ordering a break-in at the Watergate hotel to bug the offices of the Democratic National Committee Tried to COVER IT UP! Nixon resigns because of the scandal Many citizens to lose faith in the government Pardoned by Ford (Read Upfront Article Feb 5, 2007) http://www.history.com/topics/watergate

10. https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=1q5AgCzPIuA Summarize the ruling of Roe v. Wade on your Article Quest sheet as you listen to the video.

11. Roe v. Wade 1973 The Court ruled 7–2 that a right to privacy under the Due Process Clause of the 14th Amendment extended to a woman's decision to have an abortion, but that this right must be balanced against the state's two legitimate interests in regulating abortions: protecting women's health (is the mother’s life in danger?) and protecting the potentiality of human life (can the fetus survive outside the womb?). Roe v. Wade prompted a national debate that continues today about issues including whether, and to what extent, abortion should be legal, who should decide the legality of abortion, what methods the Supreme Court should use in constitutional adjudication, and what the role should be of religious and moral views in the political sphere. Roe v. Wade reshaped national politics, dividing much of the United States into pro-choice and pro-life camps, while activating grassroots movements on both sides.

12. Roe v. Wade 1973 UPDATE Woman Behind Roe v. Wade: “I’m Dedicating My Life to Overturning It” Norma Leah McCorvey, better known by the legal pseudonym "Jane Roe", was the plaintiff in the landmark American lawsuit Roe v. Wade in 1973.The U.S. Supreme Court ruled that individual state laws banning abortion are unconstitutional. Later, McCorvey's views on abortion changed substantially after her conversion to Christianity. McCorvey is now an active activist in the pro-life movement. Due to her being the plaintiff in the landmark case, it was her right to motion to have the case overturned. She filed this motion in June 2003 but a judge ruled the motion was not made within reasonable time and denied the appeal.

13. Upfront Magazine “Race Matters” Answer the questions on your Article Quest sheet as you read the article.

14. University of California v Bakke Supreme Court case that allowed race, gender, or socioeconomic status (affirmative action) to be considered in admissions Read Upfront Article - “Race Matters”

15. Time Out - review SCOTUS 5. What are civil liberties and civil rights? 6. What is the Roe v. Wade decision? 7. What is affirmative action? 8. What is the Bakke decision?

16. Totally Radical 80’s Music

17. Presidential Review! Nixon Opens China Removes US from Vietnam Watergate Scandal Court Cases: Ford Replaced Nixon Former Congressman Court Cases Roe v. Wade U. Of California v. Bakke

18. Camp David Accords PEACE IN THE MIDDLE EAST! Israel and Egypt sign peace agreements

19. Iranian Revolution 1979 revolution that transformed country from monarchy under the Shah (who was pro-America) to a republic under Ayatollah Khomeini… establishes Islamic Republic (political and religious authority) Read Upfront Article Over- throw the Shah!

20. Iranian Hostage Crisis 1979-1981 https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=w918E h3fij0

21. Time Out - Review Carter 9. What two countries were part of the Camp David Accords? 10. What was Jimmy Carter’s goal in mediating the Camp David Accords? 11. What was the Iranian Revolution? 12. How did the US respond to the revolution? 13. Why were hostages taken during the Iranian Hostage Crisis? 14. When did the Iranian Hostage Crisis end? (give an event, not a year)

22. The Reagan Years Video

23. Reaganomics! 1981-1989 During the campaign of 1980, Ronald Reagan announced a recipe to fix the nation's economic mess. He claimed an high tax burdens, excessive government regulation, and massive social spending programs hurt growth. Reagan proposed a phased 30% tax cut for upper income levels. The economic theory behind the wisdom of such a plan was called SUPPLY-SIDE or TRICKLE-DOWN ECONOMICS. Tax relief for the rich would enable them to spend and invest more money that they had saved from paying taxes. This new spending would stimulate the economy and create new jobs. Reagan believed that a tax cut of this nature would ultimately generate even more revenue for the federal government. The Congress was not as sure as Reagan, but they did approve a 25% cut during Reagan's first term. The results of this plan were mixed. This sparked a deep recession in 1981 and 1982. The high interest rates caused the value of the dollar to rise on the international market, making American goods more expensive abroad. As a result, exports decreased while imports increased. Eventually, the economy stabilized in 1983, and the remaining years of Reagan's administration showed national growth.

24. The defense industry boomed as well. Massive government contracts were awarded to defense firms to upgrade the nation's military. Reagan even proposed a space-based missile defense system called the STRATEGIC DEFENSE INITIATIVE, or Start Wars. Ronald Reagan's increased spending and accompanying tax cuts resulted in dramatic budget deficits (shortages) during the 1980s. A deficit occurs when spending exceeds revenues in any year. Tax cuts plus increased military spending cost the federal government trillions of dollars. Reagan advocated paying for these expenses by cutting government programs. In the end, Congress approved his tax and defense plans, but refused to cut any welfare programs, such as Social Security. The results were skyrocketing deficits. The national debt tripled from one to three trillion dollars during the REAGAN YEARS. The President and conservatives in Congress cried for a balanced budget amendment, but no one had the discipline to propose or enact a balanced budget. The growth that Americans enjoyed during the 1980s came at a huge price for the generations to follow.

25. Reagan Era - Reaganomics Economic idea of “trickle-down” Step 1: give tax breaks to the wealthy Step 2: the wealthy will invest their $$ into businesses Step 3: those businesses will hire more people Step 4: those people have more $$, & will spend it Step 5: the economy grows

26. Reagan - Iran-Contra Scandal US sold weapons to Anti-Ayatollah group in Iran in exchange for $ and hostages in Lebanon (ILLEGAL due to arms ban with Iran) US used $ to fund Contras (Anti Communist rebels in Nicaragua/drug dealers) after Congress voted to deny funding (ILLEGAL because Congress said no!) https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=QZNukeWdWnM http://www.hulu.com/watch/4174

27. Collapse of the Soviet Union: COLD WAR ENDS! During his second term, Reagan forged a diplomatic relationship with the reform-minded Mikhail Gorbachev (1931-), who became leader of the Soviet Union in 1985. In 1987, the Americans and Soviets signed a historic agreement to eliminate intermediate-range nuclear missiles. That same year, Reagan spoke at Germany’s Berlin Wall, a symbol of communism, and famously challenged Gorbachev to tear it down. Twenty-nine months later, Gorbachev allowed the people of Berlin to dismantle the wall. After leaving the White House, Reagan returned to Germany in September 1990—just weeks before Germany was officially reunified–and took several symbolic swings with a hammer at a remaining chunk of the wall. Tear Down this Wall! Tear Down this Wall!

28. Collapse of the Soviet Union: COLD WAR ENDS! Berlin Wall Falls 1989: Ronald Reagan credited with diplomatic negotiations with Gorbachev Independence movement for countries that were part of the USSR - 1991 Tear Down this Wall! Tear Down this Wall!

29. Time Out - Review Reagan & Bush I 15. Describe how Reaganomics was going to help the economy? 16. Describe the Iran-contra scandal. 17. When did the Soviet Union collapse? (give an event, AND a year)

30. Clinton and Congress: A Bad Marriage Republicans controlled Congress the majority of time Democratic Clinton was in office Partisanship = the two parties in Government are arguing Difficult to pass legislation

31. NAFTA The North America Free Trade Agreement (NAFTA) was signed into existence on January 1st, 1994. It is cooperation between Mexico, The United States, and Canada that removes tariffs between the three. It also addresses labor and environmental concerns that help promote the betterment of the states involved. The organization does not have any true hierarchy but is simply an agreement to eliminate tariffs. All three state benefit from this agreement, even though Mexico benefits the most since it is a less developed country and has the least money to pay tariffs. The disadvantage of this agreement is that it limits the free trade within a state. NAFTA challenges local diversity because it eliminates economic barriers, which allow corporations to outsource resources. This can be seen through Mexicans driving Hondas or living in American-style suburbs. http://www.dhs.gov/news/2011/12/ 06/fact-sheet-beyond-border-united- states-%E2%80%93-canada- economic-relationship

32. Clinton’s Impeachment Reading Upfront Article (Feb 16, 2009) Impeached and charged with perjury (lying under oath), but was acquitted (found not guilty) https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=JUDppdVXeMw

33. Time Out - Review Clinton 18. Explain the relationship between Congress and President Clinton. 19. What is the goal of NAFTA? 20. Define impeachment. 21. What was Clinton accused of? (what law was he breaking?) 22. What was the outcome of the Clinton impeachment trial?

34. 2000 Election (Bush vs. Gore) Bush won Electoral College vote, Gore won popular vote http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=W9H3gvnN468

37. Sept. 11 th, 2001

38. War on Terror Within a month of the attacks of 9/11/01 the U.S. and their allies invaded Afghanistan, who was thought to be hiding the people responsible for the terrorist attacks.

39. Overthrow of the Taliban Taliban – Fundamentalist Muslim political group protecting Osama bin Laden and his al-Qaeda terrorist network in Afghanistan March 2002, the Taliban was removed from power May 2011, Osama bin Laden killed

40. Involvement in Iraq & Afghanistan Read Upfront Article: “Afghanistan: How we got there”

41. Overthrow of Saddam Hussein Saddam Hussein: Iraqi dictator believed to be continuing to develop and expand a weapons of mass destruction program In 2003, fear for national security prompted the United States to declare war on Iraq and its leader, Saddam Hussein. Operation Iraqi Freedom – March 2003 to stop Hussein’s ability to wage mass war or aid terrorists – Major combat technically ended May 1, 2003 started to work toward democracy in Iraq

42. Saddam Hussein shortly after capture by American forces, and after being shaved to confirm his identity Saddam Hussein was captured by American forces in December of 2003 Charged and put on trial by the interim Iraqi government for crimes against humanity Specific charges included the murder of 148 people, torture of women and children and the illegal arrest of 399 others. Found guilty and sentenced to death in Nov 2006, hanged a month later in Dec 2006

47. Time Out - Review G.W. Bush 23. Who was running for president in 2000? 24. Describe what happened in the Election of 2000. 25. What was President George W. Bush’s response to the attacks on September 11, 2001? 26. Why did the US get involved in the war in Afghanistan in 2001? 27. Why did the US get involved in the war in Iraq in 2003?