1. Understand the process for producing, breeding and marketing agriculture animals.

2. A. The process for producing and caring for animals varies greatly depending on the type of animals, location, facilities, and overall producer goals.

3. B. There has been an increase in consumer demand for locally grown and organically raised products.

4. 1.Consumers have increased their awareness of how agriculture products are raised and manufactured

5. 2. The majority of livestock and poultry products are still produced and sold to commercial corporations who re-distributed them through carious outlets such as grocery stores.

6. C. In general, producers must decide: 1.Goal of production and purpose of animals 2.The type of breeding system to use based on how they elect to produce the animals. 3.How to market the animals

7. A. Types of beef cattle operations- producers may specialize in one type of operation or combine various types 1.Cow-Calf – a herd of cows are bred each year to produce calves( which are sold 6m – 1yr old ) 2.Seedstock- also known as purebred breeders. Keeps purebreeds for Cow-Calf operations.

8. 1.Cow-Calf – a herd of cows are bred each year to produce calves( which are sold 6m – 1yr old )

9. 2. Seedstock- also known as purebred breeders. Keeps purebreeds for Cow-Calf operations.

10. 3. Cattle feeders i.Stocker Operations- purchase calves and care for them for approximately 5 months ( 12-17 months of age)

11. ii.Feedlot- raises large numbers in a confined area A.Animals are fed to a “finished” market weight and then sent to be processed between 18-22m of age B. Feedlot animals are purchased from stockers or cow-calf producers through one of the various types of livestock markets

12. B. Processing Beef Products 1.Feedlots sell animals to packing plants(slaughter houses) 2. Most packing facilities process animals into primal cuts and subprimal cuts. These products are sold to retailers and foodservice companies

13. C. The amount of time involved in producing beef cattle is significantly longer compared to swine and poultry

14.  D. Most beef cattle are grown independently, not on contracts

15. A. Dairy cattle production in the US continues to shift toward larger herds that allow producers to maximize production and profits

16. B. Types of Dairy Cattle operations 1. intensive dairy productions-animals are raised in a more confined setting such as an open lot or tie stall barn.

17. 2. Pasture dairy production- cattle are turned out on pasture continuously or for portions of the day 3. some producers use a combination of both.

18. C. Production cycle of dairy cattle 1. Mature cows are milked 2-3 times a day after they give birth and their lactation cycle begins.

19. i. calves are removed from the cow 1-2 days of being born.

20. a. male calves are typically used for veal or are raised as slaughter steers

21. b. heifers are either kept to become replacements or used for meat.

22. ii. Replacement heifers are bred around 15 months of age and begin producing milk 9 months later (2 years of age)

23. 2. During the lactation cycle cows are re-bred. 3. Approximately 60 days before they give birth again, they are “dried-off” (quit producing milk) in preparation for their next calf to born.

24. 4. The average production cycle of a dairy cattle is 5-7 years animals are then processed for their meat.

25. 1. Milk is collected into large tanks at the farm then transported to processing facilities

26. 2. The fluid milk (cream and skim) is separated then re-blended to make skim, 2%, whole milk, etc. I. fluid milk is pasteurized and homogenized.

27. a. pasteurization- rapid heating and cooling of milk to remove harmful bacteria

28. b. homogenization- dispersing fat droplets so the milk stays uniformly mixed.

29. II. The excess fat removed from the fluid milk to make low fat milk such as skim and 2% is used to make eggnog, butter, whipping cream, etc.

30. 3. Other dairy products made from fat and butterfat at value added facilities include ice cream, yogurt, and cheese.

31. a) Most swine are grown through vertical integration contracts 1. Vertical Integration- two or more steps of production, marketing, and processing are linked together usually by contract between producers and feed manufacturers or between producers and processors or all three.

32. 2. vertical integration example- corporation such as Smithfield foods, Inc. purchases feeder hogs from a producer and then raises the animals to a market weight in their company owned finishing house. Then they transport animals to the slaughter house that is also owned by Smithfield Foods, Inc.

33. B. Commercially produced swine are typically raised in confinement type houses.

34. C. Types of Swine Operations 1. Sow- maintains sows for breeding, gestation, and farrowing. Manages piglets until

35. 2. Nursery- manages piglets after they are weaned until approximately 10 weeks or 50 lbs.

36. 3. grow-finish- manages barrows and gilts until they are ready for market.

37. 4. farrow-to-finish- manages a group of breeding sows and maintains piglets to market weights. Also known as complete sow and litter operation.

38. i. commerical operation will typically house animals in separate facilities to manage disease.

39. ii. Typical operation for a small scale producer raising hogs for local markets

40. D. Processing Pork Products 1. finishing operations send animals to processing facilities. In many cases the finishing operation and the slaugherhouse are vertically integrated.

41. 2. pork is processed into primal and subprimal cuts. These products are sold to retailers and foodservice companies.

42. 3. some packing facilities sell subprimals to meat processors who create value added products such as ham, bacon, pre-cooked items, sandwhich meat, etc.

43. a. Most poultry in the US is produced through vertical integration contract with large commercial operations.

44. 1. Egg production- producing eggs for human consumption. 1.Laying hens are typically confined to cages or a floor-pen system. 2.Eggs are cleaned, graded and packed at the farm.

45. 3.Laying hens produce eggs for approx. 72 weeks and then sold once their producing cycle is complete. 4. Over ½ of laying hens are raised through vertical integration contracts.

46. 2. Broiler Production- Poultry produced for meat consumption. i. poultry are fed high quality feed to maximize growth ii. Hormones cannot be added according to USDA standards.

47. iii. A producer will raise several flocks of birds each year. iv. Broilers are processed into cuts of meat and also vales added products

48. v. approx. 99% of broilers are raised through vertical integration contracts. 3. Replacement pullet production- raising chickens to replace either egg production or broiler production operations.

49. A. Various breeding systems exist due to the various types of livestock operations. B. The size of the herd, amount of money available and goals of the producer are all factors that determine the type of system used to develop industry owned hybirds.

50. C. Some farms use more than one type of mating systems. D. In general, cattle use all types of breeding systems while swine and poultry tend to utilize crossbreeding to develop industry owned hybirds.

51. a. straightbreeding- mating animals of the same breed. Types: 1.Purebreed breeding- mating registered purebred male and female of the same breed. i.Animals are eligible for registry with a purebred association. ii.Example: Angus X Angus

52. 2. Inbreeding- mating closely related animals. Increased the genetic purity of the stock produced, but is not used as often by the typical producer. Types:

53. i. closebreeding- mating animals that are very closely related. ex: son X mother

54. ii. Linebreeding- mating animals more distantly related than closebreeding. Ex: cousin to cousin.

55. 3. Grading up- mating purebred males (sires) to grade or unregistered or crossbred females (dams) to improve the herd.

56. B. crossbreeding- Mating a male and female of different breeds. Usually results in improved traits of the offspring which is referred to as hybird vigor. Ex: Yorkshire boar X yorkshire- Hampshire sow

57. 1. Crossbreeding Systems Include i. terminal sire- replacement females are bred to a sire and all offspring are sold. ii. Rotational- uses a two, three or four breeds to rotate between sires and females. This system requires more intensive management.

58. A. Terminal markets- central markets on public stockyards where livestock are consigned to a commission firm to bargain with purchasers or buyers for a certain fee.

59. B. Auction markets- Public bidding with the animals selling to the buyer who bids the highest.

60. c. Direct Selling- farmer sells straight to buyer with no middle person or firm receiving commissions or fees. D. Electronic marketing- auctioning online using computers.

61. E. Futures market and hedging- legal document calling for delivery in the future, locking in a future delivery price. F. Vertical Integration Contracts- animals are produced as well as marketed as a part of the vertical integration enterprise.