1. North Carolina Agricultural and Technical State University Developing Conservation Agriculture in the Philippines Agustin R. Mercado, Jr., ICRAF Manuel Reyes, NCAT Vic Ella, UPLB

2. Project Goal To promote Conservation Agriculture as a technologically-feasible, economically-viable, environmentally- sustainable and gender- responsive production system for food security of small farm communities in the Philippines.

3. M inimal soil disturbance C ontinuous mulch D iverse species McD

4. Technical requirements for CAPS development in the Philippines Improved cropping patterns/crop sequencesImproved cropping patterns/crop sequences Improved and adapted crop cultivarsImproved and adapted crop cultivars Improved component crops fertility managementImproved component crops fertility management Adapted and affordable machineriesAdapted and affordable machineries

5. Objective Assess soil quality and measure crops yield from conservation agriculture production systems (CAPS) and compare them with soil quality and crop yield from conventional plow-based systems in the PhilippinesAssess soil quality and measure crops yield from conservation agriculture production systems (CAPS) and compare them with soil quality and crop yield from conventional plow-based systems in the Philippines

6. Context: Upland areas and smallholders Philippines More than 7,000 islands Population is 92 M people Land area is 30 M has. 10 M has sloping acid upland soils 5 M has less productive upland areas due to degradation Manila Claveria

7. Philippines SANREM site

8. Claveria, Misamis Oriental Elevation ranges from 450 to 1200 meters above sea level Maize, cassava and upland rice cropping dominate the lower elevation (<600masl), while vegetable and maize in rotation dominate the upper elevation. Landscape is derived from pyroclastic materials. Soils are deep, fine mixed isohyperthermic Ultic Haplorthox Soils are acidic with pH ranges from 4.2 to 5.2. Rainfall is 2500 mm well distributed throughout the year. Farm size is 2.0 hectares Represents 10 M has in the Philippines; 181 has in Southeast Asia

9. North Carolina Agricultural and Technical State University Upland farmers traditionally cultivate their fields up and down the slope

10. North Carolina Agricultural and Technical State University The estimated annual replacement cost of eroded nutrients (Claveria) is P37,000 per hectare per year.

11. The researcher managed trial (RMT): Treatments T1 - Maize + Arachis pintoi (AP) - Maize + AP T2 - Maize + Sytlosanthes guinanensis (SG)- Fallow T3 - Maize + Cowpea (CP)- Upland rice + CP T4 - Maize + Rice beans (RB) - Maize + RB T5 - Cassava + Stylo T6. Farmer’s practice Two fertility levels: 0-30-0 N P 2 O 5 K 2 O (Low fertility); 120-60-60 P 2 O 5 K 2 O (new modification )0-30-0 N P 2 O 5 K 2 O (Low fertility); 120-60-60 P 2 O 5 K 2 O (new modification ) 60-30-30 N P 2 O 5 K 2 O (Moderate fertility)60-30-30 N P 2 O 5 K 2 O (Moderate fertility)

12. Experimental Layout

13. Field layout

14. System phenology of conservation agriculture production systems. Claveria, Misamis Oriental, Philippines

15. CAPS establishment

16. Maize + Arachis pintoi

17. Maize + Stylo – Fallow

18. Maize + cowpea – Upland rice + cowpea

19. Maize + Rice bean

20. Cassava + Stylosanthes

21. Maize - Maize

22. Annual total system biomass production of different CAPS. Claveria, Misamis Oriental, Philippines

23. Annual total marketable produce from different CAPS. Claveria, Misamis Oriental, Philippines

24. Annual total sales of CAPS marketable produce. Claveria, Misamis Oriental, Philippines

25. Aboveground biomass of different forage legumes as interplant at different cropping patterns 6 months after planting b ab a

26. Farmer-managed trials (FMT) Treatments: 1. Maize (Mz) - Baguio beans (BB) - Mz – BB- Crotalaria (Cr)1. Maize (Mz) - Baguio beans (BB) - Mz – BB- Crotalaria (Cr) 2. Maize + Stylosanthes guianensis (SG)2. Maize + Stylosanthes guianensis (SG) 3. Mz+CP – Mz+CP- Sorghum (Sgh)3. Mz+CP – Mz+CP- Sorghum (Sgh) 4. Mz+Peanut (Pnt)/Cassava (Cv)4. Mz+Peanut (Pnt)/Cassava (Cv) 5. Sweet Corn (SwC) + Pnt - SwC + Pnt5. Sweet Corn (SwC) + Pnt - SwC + Pnt 6. BB + Mz – Mz – Sgh6. BB + Mz – Mz – Sgh 7. Mz + SG – Mz + Cv7. Mz + SG – Mz + Cv 8. SwC + Pechay (Pc) – SwC + Pc8. SwC + Pechay (Pc) – SwC + Pc

27. Field layout: CAPS replicated 3 times by farm Farmer’s conventional practice 1000 m2 CAPS with chosen cropping pattern (no tillage except furrowing)

28. Farmer-cooperators

29. Component research (Kitchen experiments) Year 1: Evaluation of crop varieties that are best for conservation agriculture production systems that produce high biomass and economic yield which includes forage grasses, sorghum, cassava, upland rice, sweet potato, cowpea and open pollinated maizeEvaluation of crop varieties that are best for conservation agriculture production systems that produce high biomass and economic yield which includes forage grasses, sorghum, cassava, upland rice, sweet potato, cowpea and open pollinated maize Key parametersKey parameters Biomass yield Economic yield

30. Promising sorghum cultivars for CAPS Claveria, Misamis Oriental, Philippines

31. North Carolina Agricultural and Technical State University Promising open pollinated maize for CAPS Claveria, Misamis Oriental, Philippines North Carolina Agricultural and Technical State University

33. North Carolina Agricultural and Technical State University Promising upland rice cultivars for CAPS. Claveria, Misamis Oriental, Philippines North Carolina Agricultural and Technical State University

34. Promising Sweet Potato cultivars for CAPS. Claveria, Misamis Oriental, Philippines Kg/ha

35. North Carolina Agricultural and Technical State University North Carolina Agricultural and Technical State University

36. Grain yield of maize as influenced by different fertility levels and spacing. Claveria, Misamis Oriental. Fertility levels (N P 2 O 5 K 2 O) Spacing Mean 60 cm (t/ha) 75 cm (t/ha) 60-30-301.31 bc 1.35 b 1.33 ns 200-120-1202.99 a 2.46 a 2.72 ns 0-120-1200.99 c 0.78 c 0.88 ns 200-0-1201.23 bc 1.23 b 1.23 ns 200-120-02.38 a 1.70 ab 2.04 ns Mean1.781.50 LSD0.84 Grain yield of maize as influenced by different fertility levels and spacing. Claveria, Misamis Oriental. Dry Season 2010-2011.

37. North Carolina Agricultural and Technical State University Early light! North Carolina Agricultural and Technical State University

38. Context Context Cambodia and other places Philippines (10 M ha)

39. In the context of sloping lands, there’s a need for deliberate integration of trees.....

40. North Carolina Agricultural and Technical State University Schematic diagram of single tree-line agroforestry system

41. Schematic diagram of double -tree line agroforestry system

42. Conservation Agriculture Production System with Trees 90cm 30cm 20-30m cowpea maize 90cm 30cm Single Tree-Line Conservation Agriculture Production System with Trees (CAPST)

43. Maize + Cowpea - Upland rice + Cowpea Cropping Pattern

44. Cowpea Maize 0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 0 30 60 90 120 150 180 210 240 270 300 330 360 Apr May Jun Jul Aug Sept Oct Nov Dec Jan Feb Mar In 340 days, 2 crops of maize (full population) 2 crops upland rice (half population) 4 crops of cowpea (half population) Arrows indicate crop planting to harvesting Bars indicate crop harvest date Upland rice Cowpea Upland rice Maize Cowpea Phenology of maize + cowpea+ upland rice cropping pattern

45. Conservation Agriculture Production System with Trees Older Than 3 Years Old 5 m 20-30m cowpea maize Single Tree-Line Conservation Agriculture Production System with Trees (CAPST) maize 5 m 10-20 m

46. Double Tree-Line Conservation Agriculture Production System with Trees 2 m 30cm cowpea maize Maize + Cowpea – Upland rice + cowpea Rubber/ Fruit/ Timber trees 20m x 2m x 3m; 30m x 2m x 3m

47. Conservation Agriculture Production System with Trees Older Than 3 Years Old 5 m 20-30m cowpea maize Double Tree-Line Conservation Agriculture Production System with Trees (CAPST) maize 5 m 10-20 m

48. Summary 1.In making a dent in the promotion of conservation agriculture in the Philippines requires improved cropping patterns/crop sequences, improved and adapted crop cultivars, improved component crops fertility management, and adapted and affordable machineries in the context of acid sloping lands and smallholders environment. 2.Current works identified promising conservation agriculture production systems (CAPS) including promising varieties of crops, forages and herbaceous legumes that require further evaluation 3.Integration of trees is important component in CAPS as they protect the sloping lands from soil erosion and potential landslides as well as providing additional economic to the farmers and environmental and ecological benefits. 4.Implementation of farmer -managed experiments on CAPS require proactive information and education for them to be able to actively participate in the research process 5.Machineries appropriate to sloping lands in the context of smallholders are important in the development of conservation agriculture in the Philippines

49. North Carolina Agricultural and Technical State University North Carolina Agricultural and Technical State University Thank you!!!!