1. Conflict in the 1750s Between the British, French, Native Americans in North America Predict what you think or know will happen in the 1760s & 1770s in North America.

3. What physical feature kept the colonists from going farther west?

4. British-French Rivalry The French and the British had been rivals since William the Conqueror and the Normans (from France) invaded Britain in 1066

5. British-French Rivalry Many historians consider the Hundred Years' War, 1337 until 1453, between the English and French to be part of a perpetual and ongoing conflict between these two cultural groups. It continued as late as the Napoleonic era (18 th & 19 th centuries), and extended beyond Europe as the two battled for global empires. Notice that the British & French were still recovering from the toll war took on them at the time Columbus and Spanish explorers were busy claiming land for Spain.

6. Conflict Continues into the New World The French were successful in exploring and sending trappers and traders who valued Native American ways of hunting; cultural exchange & intermarriage with the Natives was commonThe French were successful in exploring and sending trappers and traders who valued Native American ways of hunting; cultural exchange & intermarriage with the Natives was common The French also sent priests to convert the Natives to Christianity, but lacked the soldiers to enforce conversionThe French also sent priests to convert the Natives to Christianity, but lacked the soldiers to enforce conversion Competition for land increased in North America as the British were able to take over the eastern coast of what is now the USCompetition for land increased in North America as the British were able to take over the eastern coast of what is now the US France had few settlements & forts in the territory claimedFrance had few settlements & forts in the territory claimed Who had more useful territory in North America in the 1750s?Who had more useful territory in North America in the 1750s?

8. Colonists on the Move  Coastal areas of the colonies became crowded from early 1600s to early 1700s  The French and British rivalry grew as colonists expanded into French territory

9. Colonists Head West  West across the Appalachian Mountains –New land –New opportunities –More freedom –Adventure

10. British-French Fight Some Native Americans helped France since the French and Native Americans of the Great Lakes area had a better relationship. Traded Bought land Intermarried Learned language & culture

11.  Some Native Americans supported the British

12. British-French Fight In the spring of 1754, Washington went to the Ohio Valley as a lieutenant for the British with a militia of 150 men to build a fort near present-day Pittsburgh. He found the French were already there building Fort Duquesne (du- cane). Washington established Fort Necessity nearby. There was a battle He lost, but his fame was noted Why would a Virginian be fighting for the Brits in the Ohio Valley?

13. Colonial Land Claim West of Appalachians

14. The Albany Plan of Union  1754 Representatives from NE, NY, PA & MD met in Albany, NY  Hoped to plan colonial defense from French  Hoped to persuade Iroquois Confederacy to join them

15. Albany Plan  Plan suggested by Franklin: ‘one general government’ for 11 of the American colonies –Govern these colonies –Power to tax, raise troops, and regulate trade  Not one colonial assembly approved the plan

16. French and Indian War This series of clashes that occurred was called the French and Indian War by the colonists because they were fighting against the French and the Native Americans who mostly were allies of the French The Natives often took advantage of the situation and antagonized the feud between the French and British

17. The Seven Years War  As the conflict spread across the Atlantic (1754 – 1763), it was referred to as the Seven Years War in Europe  The main conflict took place from 1756 - 1763

18. French and Indian War William Pitt, prime minister of Britain, helped the colonies -Britain paid for war supplies, which ultimately put them into debt. -Pitt sent British troops to conquer the French and their forts.

19. Where is future Pittsburgh? Fort Duquesne was renamed Fort Pitt Later became Pittsburgh

20. The French and Indian War British victories -the British captured several French islands in the West Indies -the British defeated the French in India -the British destroyed a French fleet in Canada -the British surprised and defeated the French army at the Battle of Quebec. -capital of New France considered to be impossible to attack.

21. The Treaty of Paris of 1763 ended the war. Terms of the treaty Led to the downfall of the French as a power in North America. –France kept some of its islands in the Caribbean Sea and the port of New Orleans –Britain acquired Canada and the land east of the Mississippi River –Spain acquired the Louisiana Territory west of the Mississippi River –Britain acquired Florida from Spain

22. European Land Claims  North America was now divided between Britain and Spain with the Mississippi River as the boundary.  Father Junipero Serra would not begin missions in present day California until the late 1760s and 1770s

23. Changes after 1763

24. Britain: What next in the American colonies? Britain could not afford to spend any more money on wars in the New World It cost a lot of money to put troops in the Ohio Valley “frontier” to protect colonial settlers from Native American attack.

25.  To prevent more fighting and westward expansion, Britain established the Proclamation of 1763.  The king declared the Appalachian Mountains as the temporary western boundary for the colonies.  Britain had to look to the colonies to pay some of the costs for this war and protection of the colonies

26. Response by the Colonists  How could the British Parliament raise money to pay off all the debts from the French & Indian and the Seven Years War? –________________________________________ How did the French & Indian War become a step toward American desire for independence?

27. Colonists’ Response  How did the colonists, who viewed themselves as British citizens, under British rule, expecting protections of the British military, respond to Britain’s need for money? –____________________________________

28. Remember…  British colonists heading west across the mountains –To the Ohio River Valley –Across the Cumberland Gap on the Wilderness Road blazed by Daniel Boone

29. Daniel Boone  Leading colonist settlers through the Cumberland Gap & rescuing his daughter