1. Unit 3: The Media of Art Chapter 8: Printmaking

2. Printmaking Variety of techniques developed to create multiple copies of a single image. Before 1415, every book and manuscript in Europe lettered and illustrated by hand

3. Print A multiple work of art; a series of nearly identical pieces, usually printed on paper. Prints are made from a matrix; may be made of metal, wood or stone. The artist completes or supervises the completion of the printing of a group of images called an edition. Prints are numbered to show each prints number in an edition. Prints that the artist makes for his/her record/ personal use are called artist’s proofs (AP.)

4. The technology for printing (and papermaking) came to Europe from China. China was printing pictures by the 9 th Century and had invented moveable type by the 11 th Century.

5. Printmaking developed in Europe in the 15 th Century, first for inexpensive religious icons and playing cards. Later used to illustrate book printed with new European moveable type.

6. Until late 19 th Century, printmakers needed to copy drawings, painting and early photographs for illustrating newspapers and books.

7. With the advent of new technology, handwork played a smaller part in the printmaking process. Artists continued to use traditional printing techniques because of their “uniquely expressive properties.”

8. Relief Print Printmaker cuts away all parts of the printing surface not meant to carry ink. Leaves the design to be printed “in relief” at the level of the original surface. The surface is then inked and the ink transferred to paper with pressure.

10. Woodcut Easiest to do black and white; high contrast When using multiple colors, different blocks for each color must be registered (lined up) so the colors match Originated in China with the desire to spread the Buddhist religion

12. Woodblock Flourished in Japan between the 17 th and 19 th Centuries Complex process involving multiple blocks Cheaper than paintings, became preferred artwork of middle class Greatly influenced Impressionist and Post-Impressionist artists

13. The Wave; Hokusai; 1830

14. Wood engraving Carving in very dense wood (boxwood) set on end instead of sideways. Required metal carving tools Large editions possible.

15. Linoleum Cut Modern development Designs cut in soft linoleum. Softer than wood, no grain and easily cut in any direction. Too soft for intricate details.

16. Intaglio Opposite of relief prints Intagliare: to cut into Image cut into metal surface with steel or diamond tipped tools or etched with acid Coat surface with ink then wipe surface, leaving ink in grooves Damp paper placed on surface and run through roller Damp paper picks up ink

17. Intaglio Engraving: lines are cut into the polished surface of the plate with a burin (engraving tool) Narrow strips of metal are removed in the process Drypoint: creates a rough edge or burr. The burr catches ink and leaves a slightly blurred line when printed.

19. Intaglio Etching: Surface of metal protected with a ground (acid resistant material) Printmaker cuts through ground with a pointed tool Plate immersed in acid allowing acid to bite into exposed surface

21. Intaglio Aquatint: process used to obtain shaded areas in black and white or color prints Prepared with acid resistant spray paints Plate places in acid, eating away surface between paint particles, leaving rough surface capable of holding ink Value determined by how long plate left in acid

23. Lithography Developed early 19 th Century Works because oil and water do not like each other Using litho crayons, pencils or tusche, artist draws image on limestone Chemically treated with gum arabic and acid to fix image on stone Surfaced dampened with water and inked Oil based ink repelled by water and adheres to greasy image Paper + press = image

24. Rue Transnonain; Daumier

25. Stencil and Screenprinting Stencil: Sheet with a design cut out of it. Painting or spraying over the sheet transfer the image to the picture plane. Quick easy way to make multiple copies of letters or simple designs.

26. Screenprinting Adhere a stencil to a screen made of silk or synthetic fabric Use a squeegee to push ink through the fabric in the open areas of the stencil onto material Simple and no reversal of images Excellent for mass production of simple images